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This\n tour tells the story of the 1906 Race Riot, a 3-day massacre that spread\n through Atlanta, starting downtown on Saturday, September 22nd and ending with\n the arrest of hundreds of civilians on Tuesday, September 25th. The tour, put\n together by undergraduate students in Georgia State University’s EPIC Project\n Lab, uses quotations from Veiled Visions by David Fort Godshalk (2005),\n a monograph examining the long-last impact that the riot had on Atlanta and\n especially on its race relations. Law enforcement agents and government\n authorities failed dramatically to protect Atlanta’s marginalized and\n vulnerable citizens. Both the Atlanta Police Department and the Governor’s\n Mansion stood only a few minutes’ walk from Five Points, where the violence had\n erupted, yet the police and the governor failed to intervene significantly\n until lives had already been lost.

\n\n

The\n riot began in response to newspaper headlines charging multiple African\n American men with rape on September 22nd. For months, local white newspapers,\n competing for readership, had been engaged in sensationalism and red journalism\n that scapegoated African American men by inventing charges of rape and\n blatantly endorsing vigilantism. In the evening of Saturday, September 22,\n 1906, thousands of white men gathered in downtown Atlanta to seek revenge. The\n mob fanned out along Decatur, Marietta, and Peachtree Streets as white men\n chased and attacked any black men who were unlucky enough to be in the area. At\n least two dozen African American men were murdered, and many more were injured.\n

\n\n

Although\n a heavy rain made the mob dissipate in the early hours of September 23rd, around\n fifty white men broke into a jail and lynched a rape suspect later that day,\n while a second mob attempted to lynch another black man who managed to escape\n (Godshalk 99). The state militia simultaneously patrolled the West End,\n “focused on harassing black residents and searching them for weapons to head\n off the massive retaliatory attack they now feared” (100). That evening, an\n armed white mob marched into a black residential neighborhood on Houston\n Street, now John Wesley Dobbs Avenue, but fled when residents fired on them\n (102).

\n\n

The\n next morning, Monday, September 24th, policemen attempted to raid Brownsville,\n a black residential neighborhood south of downtown, in response to rumors that\n a counterattack was being planned there (103). When Brownsville residents fired\n on them, the police retreated and secured reinforcement from the militia. On\n Tuesday, September 25th, three infantry companies, joined by 300 deputized\n white civilians, marched on Brownsville and arrested hundreds of African\n Americans, ultimately ending the race riot (104).

\n\n

Even\n after the white mob quieted, justice was never served for the massacred African\n Americans. The worst punishments inflicted on the rioters were two $300 fines\n levied in criminal court for assault, while 54 African Americans were convicted\n and fined for weapons violations (148).

\n\n

For more information, see David Fort Godshalk, Veiled\n Visions: The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot and the Reshaping of American Race\n Relations, University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

\n\n

1906 Race Riot Project Lab Team:

\n\n

Dr. Sara Harwood

\n\n

Dr. Brennan Collins

\n\n

Pat Barrett

\n\n

Dionne Clark

\n\n

Alex Barnett

\n\n

Aaliyah Brunson

\n\nChelsea Price
\n\n","flat_pages",[],"id",7,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","roadmap","media",[431],"meta_description","\n\nThis\n tour tells the story of the 1906 Race Riot, a 3-day massacre that spread\n through Atlanta, starting downtown on Saturday, September 22nd and ending with\n the arrest of hundreds of civilians on Tuesday, September 25th. The tour, put\n together by undergraduate students in Georgia State University’s EPIC Project\n Lab, uses quotations from Veiled Visions by David Fort Godshalk (2005),\n a monograph examining the long-last impact that the riot had on Atlanta and\n especially on its race relations. Law enforcement agents and government\n authorities failed dramatically to protect Atlanta’s marginalized and\n vulnerable citizens. Both the Atlanta Police Department and the Governor’s\n Mansion stood only a few minutes’ walk from Five Points, where the violence had\n erupted, yet the police and the governor failed to intervene significantly\n until lives had already been lost. \n\n \n\nThe\n riot began in response to newspaper headlines charging multiple African\n American men with rape on September 22nd. For months, local white newspapers,\n competing for readership, had been engaged in sensationalism and red journalism\n that scapegoated African American men by inventing charges of rape and\n blatantly endorsing vigilantism. In the evening of Saturday, September 22,\n 1906, thousands of white men gathered in downtown Atlanta to seek revenge. The\n mob fanned out along Decatur, Marietta, and Peachtree Streets as white men\n chased and attacked any black men who were unlucky enough to be in the area. At\n least two dozen African American men were murdered, and many more were injured.\n \n\n \n\nAlthough\n a heavy rain made the mob dissipate in the early hours of September 23rd, around\n fifty white men broke into a jail and lynched a rape suspect later that day,\n while a second mob attempted to lynch another black man who managed to escape\n (Godshalk 99). The state militia simultaneously patrolled the West End,\n “focused on harassing black residents and searching them for weapons to head\n off the massive retaliatory attack they now feared” (100). That evening, an\n armed white mob marched into a black residential neighborhood on Houston\n Street, now John Wesley Dobbs Avenue, but fled when residents fired on them\n (102).\n\n \n\nThe\n next morning, Monday, September 24th, policemen attempted to raid Brownsville,\n a black residential neighborhood south of downtown, in response to rumors that\n a counterattack was being planned there (103). When Brownsville residents fired\n on them, the police retreated and secured reinforcement from the militia. On\n Tuesday, September 25th, three infantry companies, joined by 300 deputized\n white civilians, marched on Brownsville and arrested hundreds of African\n Americans, ultimately ending the race riot (104). \n\n \n\nEven\n after the white mob quieted, justice was never served for the massacred African\n Americans. The worst punishments inflicted on the rioters were two $300 fines\n levied in criminal court for assault, while 54 African Americans were convicted\n and fined for weapons violations (148). \n\n \n\nFor more information, see David Fort Godshalk, Veiled\n Visions: The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot and the Reshaping of American Race\n Relations, University of North Carolina Press, 2005.\n\n1906 Race Riot Project Lab Team:\n\nDr. Sara Harwood\n\nDr. Brennan Collins \n\nPat Barrett\n\nDionne Clark\n\nAlex Barnett\n\nAaliyah Brunson\n\nChelsea Price\n\n","mode",{"_35":269,"_73":427},"modes",[423,424,425,426],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-09-10","read_duration","6 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_73":421,"_126":-5,"_128":422},"slug","slugs",[420,16],"stop_count",8,"stops",[85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92],"tenant_title","Gsu Walking Tours","title","Veiled Visions, 1906 Race Riot","travel_duration","17 minutes walking","theme",{"_35":83,"_73":84},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",5,"dark-blue",{"_93":384,"_94":24,"_95":-5,"_97":381,"_99":385,"_101":-5,"_31":386,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":381,"_107":387,"_109":388,"_41":-5,"_45":389,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":390,"_64":382,"_65":391,"_62":392,"_73":383,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":393},{"_93":349,"_94":211,"_95":350,"_97":347,"_99":351,"_101":-5,"_31":352,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":347,"_107":353,"_109":354,"_41":-5,"_45":355,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":356,"_64":18,"_65":357,"_62":358,"_73":348,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":359},{"_93":315,"_94":248,"_95":316,"_97":312,"_99":317,"_101":-5,"_31":318,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":312,"_107":319,"_109":320,"_41":-5,"_45":321,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":322,"_64":313,"_65":323,"_62":324,"_73":314,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":325},{"_93":268,"_94":269,"_95":270,"_97":265,"_99":271,"_101":-5,"_31":272,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":265,"_107":273,"_109":274,"_41":-5,"_45":275,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":276,"_64":266,"_65":277,"_62":278,"_73":267,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":279},{"_93":233,"_94":83,"_95":234,"_97":230,"_99":235,"_101":-5,"_31":236,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":230,"_107":237,"_109":238,"_41":-5,"_45":239,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":240,"_64":231,"_65":241,"_62":242,"_73":232,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":243},{"_93":193,"_94":194,"_95":195,"_97":190,"_99":196,"_101":-5,"_31":197,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":190,"_107":198,"_109":199,"_41":-5,"_45":200,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":201,"_64":191,"_65":202,"_62":203,"_73":192,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":204},{"_93":163,"_94":36,"_95":164,"_97":160,"_99":165,"_101":-5,"_31":166,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":160,"_107":167,"_109":168,"_41":-5,"_45":169,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":170,"_64":161,"_65":171,"_62":172,"_73":162,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":173},{"_93":-5,"_94":68,"_95":96,"_97":98,"_99":100,"_101":-5,"_31":102,"_103":-5,"_104":-5,"_105":106,"_35":98,"_107":108,"_109":110,"_41":-5,"_45":111,"_47":112,"_113":26,"_114":-5,"_115":-5,"_54":38,"_61":116,"_64":117,"_65":118,"_62":119,"_73":120,"_79":121,"_122":-5,"_123":-5,"_80":124},"next","position","previous",{"_35":160,"_64":161,"_73":162},"relation_id",106,"address","210 Peachtree St NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","article_link","\n\n

On the site of what is now the Westin Peachtree Plaza,\n the Governor’s Mansion sat from 1870 until 1923. Governor Joseph Terrell was at\n home during the riot but did not respond until after midnight, when many lives\n had already been lost.

\n\n

“At approximately 12:20 am, from his mansion near the\n Peachtree and Cain intersection, less than a third of a mile from the riot’s\n concentrated activity, Governor Joseph Terrell summoned one artillery and eight\n infantry companies to the city to restore order. The governor’s associates\n would subsequently explain Terrell’s delayed response by claiming that the\n governor had been asleep until approximately 11:00 pm” (97).

\n\n

“Given the close proximity of the governor’s residence to\n the riot scene, it is unlikely that he could have slept through the loud noise\n or that his aides had no earlier knowledge of the upheaval” (97).

\n\n

“Years\n later, the mansion also witnessed demonstrations by protesters angered by the\n Leo Frank trial. In response to Governor John Slaton’s 1915 decision to commute\n Leo Frank’s sentence to life imprisonment, “mobs armed with weapons ranging\n from rifles to heavy explosives marched through downtown Atlanta before they\n surrounded the governor’s mansion” (261).

\n\n","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#D32F2F","lat",33.7594233,"lng",-84.38785483,[131],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","\n\nOn the site of what is now the Westin Peachtree Plaza,\n the Governor’s Mansion sat from 1870 until 1923. Governor Joseph Terrell was at\n home during the riot but did not respond until after midnight, when many lives\n had already been lost. \n\n“At approximately 12:20 am, from his mansion near the\n Peachtree and Cain intersection, less than a third of a mile from the riot’s\n concentrated activity, Governor Joseph Terrell summoned one artillery and eight\n infantry companies to the city to restore order. The governor’s associates\n would subsequently explain Terrell’s delayed response by claiming that the\n governor had been asleep until approximately 11:00 pm” (97).\n\n“Given the close proximity of the governor’s residence to\n the riot scene, it is unlikely that he could have slept through the loud noise\n or that his aides had no earlier knowledge of the upheaval” (97).\n\n“Years\n later, the mansion also witnessed demonstrations by protesters angered by the\n Leo Frank trial. In response to Governor John Slaton’s 1915 decision to commute\n Leo Frank’s sentence to life imprisonment, “mobs armed with weapons ranging\n from rifles to heavy explosives marched through downtown Atlanta before they\n surrounded the governor’s mansion” (261).\n\n","governor-s-mansion",[130,117],{"_73":125,"_126":127,"_128":129},"Governor's Mansion","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Governors_Mansion.jpg","caption","Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. ","url","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/a2z2hl7wt861bme97e6j4gxuwuxx?variant=desktop","untitled",{"_97":132,"_94":24,"_126":127,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":140,"_35":141,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":138,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":125,"_150":-5},215,"desktop_width",1500,"embed","embed_id","filename","15886888259.jpeg","files",{"_151":152,"_153":154,"_155":156,"_157":129,"_158":159},226,"lqip_width","mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","keiner","tablet_width",750,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/a2z2hl7wt861bme97e6j4gxuwuxx","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/a2z2hl7wt861bme97e6j4gxuwuxx?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/a2z2hl7wt861bme97e6j4gxuwuxx?variant=tablet","desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/a2z2hl7wt861bme97e6j4gxuwuxx?variant=lqip",104,"herndon’s-barber-shop","Herndon’s Barber Shop",{"_35":98,"_64":117,"_73":120},{"_35":190,"_64":191,"_73":192},"66 Peachtree Street NW","\n\n

“In this building, Atlanta’s first African American\n millionaire, Alonzo Herndon, operated a barber shop, called the “Crystal\n Palace,” which catered to wealthy white patrons. The shop offered hair cuts,\n shaving services, and bathing facilities. Herndon, a member of the Niagara\n Movement and a friend of both W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, was at\n home in the West End during the riot. The rioting mob damaged nearby barber\n shops, but not the Crystal Palace.

“No black individual better embodied the city’s\n rags-to-riches possibilities than formerly enslaved Alonzo Herndon, who by 1904\n had become the proud owner of three downtown barbershops” (20).

“Although\n Alonzo Herndon’s barbershop was not physically harmed by violence, he could\n hardly ignore the mob’s destructiveness against other barbers” (140).

\n\n",33.7555702,-84.3890897,[178],"\n\n“In this building, Atlanta’s first African American\n millionaire, Alonzo Herndon, operated a barber shop, called the “Crystal\n Palace,” which catered to wealthy white patrons. The shop offered hair cuts,\n shaving services, and bathing facilities. Herndon, a member of the Niagara\n Movement and a friend of both W. E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, was at\n home in the West End during the riot. The rioting mob damaged nearby barber\n shops, but not the Crystal Palace.\n“No black individual better embodied the city’s\n rags-to-riches possibilities than formerly enslaved Alonzo Herndon, who by 1904\n had become the proud owner of three downtown barbershops” (20).\n“Although\n Alonzo Herndon’s barbershop was not physically harmed by violence, he could\n hardly ignore the mob’s destructiveness against other barbers” (140).\n\n",[130,177],{"_73":174,"_126":175,"_128":176},[],"Crystal Palace.png","Digital Library of Georgia. Atlanta Georgian. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, May 25, 1913, Image 18","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ml8vq4occbp94nn6l0zo29c82omm?variant=desktop","herndon-s-barber-shop",{"_97":179,"_94":24,"_126":175,"_133":180,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":181,"_139":182,"_35":183,"_142":-5,"_143":184,"_145":181,"_146":147,"_148":185,"_73":174,"_150":-5},208,1221,"original_image.png",{"_151":186,"_153":187,"_155":188,"_157":176,"_158":189},213,244,610,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ml8vq4occbp94nn6l0zo29c82omm","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ml8vq4occbp94nn6l0zo29c82omm?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ml8vq4occbp94nn6l0zo29c82omm?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ml8vq4occbp94nn6l0zo29c82omm?variant=lqip",84,"bijou-theater","Bijou Theater",{"_35":160,"_64":161,"_73":162},6,{"_35":230,"_64":231,"_73":232},"41 Marietta St NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","\n\n

Originally built as the DeGive\nOpera House in 1870, the building was operated as the Bijou Theater by 1906. It\nwas demolished in 1921. The fate of the Bijou Theater presents a stark contrast\nwith a nearby grocery store, as the white mob invaded businesses and attacked\nblack civilians at random.

\n\n

“A white crowd, numbering approximately 200, cornered\nthree black draymen loading scenery for white Bijou Theater manager J. B.\nBelser. Belser somehow managed to pull the men back inside the theater. A white\nman shouted, ‘He’s got fifteen inside!’ Guarding the door with a pistol, Belser\nheld the surging crowd at bay” (93).

\n\n

“At one point the\ncrowd on Marietta Street spotted an African American and chased him toward\nForsyth Street. The black man quickly disappeared. Suspecting that he was hiding\ninside a fruit and cigarette store, the crowd forced its way into the small\nstructure. As the Greek proprietor and three of his white friends attempted to\ndefend the shop, the crowd of whites tore it apart, littering the sidewalk with\ncandy, fruit, and cigarettes. In the melee, one of the white grocers was\nseriously wounded” (93).\n\n\n

\n\n",33.755291,-84.390749,[208,209],"\n\nOriginally built as the DeGive\nOpera House in 1870, the building was operated as the Bijou Theater by 1906. It\nwas demolished in 1921. The fate of the Bijou Theater presents a stark contrast\nwith a nearby grocery store, as the white mob invaded businesses and attacked\nblack civilians at random. \n\n“A white crowd, numbering approximately 200, cornered\nthree black draymen loading scenery for white Bijou Theater manager J. B.\nBelser. Belser somehow managed to pull the men back inside the theater. A white\nman shouted, ‘He’s got fifteen inside!’ Guarding the door with a pistol, Belser\nheld the surging crowd at bay” (93). \n\n“At one point the\ncrowd on Marietta Street spotted an African American and chased him toward\nForsyth Street. The black man quickly disappeared. Suspecting that he was hiding\ninside a fruit and cigarette store, the crowd forced its way into the small\nstructure. As the Greek proprietor and three of his white friends attempted to\ndefend the shop, the crowd of whites tore it apart, littering the sidewalk with\ncandy, fruit, and cigarettes. In the melee, one of the white grocers was\nseriously wounded” (93).\n\n\n\n\n",[130,191],{"_73":205,"_126":206,"_128":207},[],"DeGives_Opera_House.jpg","Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/1zzorte3zeoiluev9eljnwsddwli?variant=desktop",{"_97":221,"_94":24,"_126":206,"_133":222,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":205,"_139":223,"_35":224,"_142":-5,"_143":141,"_145":205,"_146":147,"_148":225,"_73":205,"_150":112},{"_97":210,"_94":211,"_126":212,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":213,"_139":214,"_35":215,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":213,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":213,"_150":112},192,2,"Bijou Theater on right with balconies. Grady statue at distant center. Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Columbus Washington.","Marietta_Street.jpg",{"_151":216,"_153":217,"_155":218,"_157":219,"_158":220},196,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/nyxs92k57v0amxocohr4ksyjfx56","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/nyxs92k57v0amxocohr4ksyjfx56?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/nyxs92k57v0amxocohr4ksyjfx56?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/nyxs92k57v0amxocohr4ksyjfx56?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/nyxs92k57v0amxocohr4ksyjfx56?variant=lqip",183,1130,{"_151":226,"_153":227,"_155":228,"_157":207,"_158":229},187,565,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/1zzorte3zeoiluev9eljnwsddwli","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/1zzorte3zeoiluev9eljnwsddwli?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/1zzorte3zeoiluev9eljnwsddwli?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/1zzorte3zeoiluev9eljnwsddwli?variant=lqip",83,"henry-grady-statue","Henry Grady Statue",{"_35":190,"_64":191,"_73":192},{"_35":265,"_64":266,"_73":267},"54 Marietta St NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","\n\n

This statue, erected in 1891, was\nbuilt to honor the champion of the “New South,” newspaperman Henry Grady (93).\nThis intersection was the site of the most gruesome violence during the 1906\nriot.

\n\n

“… Another ragtag collection of whites marched\nup Marietta Street to a barbershop across from the post office… . Armed with\nassorted weapons and their bare hands, the white men forced themselves through\nthe shop windows and rushed two of the workers, including lame bootblack Henry\nWelch. Members of the mob fired guns at both men, killing them instantly. After\nvandalizing the shop and stripping the slain barber and bootblack of their\nclothes, the white men dragged their bodies face-first from the shop. A short distance\nfrom this ghastly scene, a mob of whites killed another black man. The three\ncorpses were heaped together at the base of the famous Henry Grady Monument”\n(93).\n\n\n

\n\n",33.755568,-84.391212,[246,247],"\n\nThis statue, erected in 1891, was\nbuilt to honor the champion of the “New South,” newspaperman Henry Grady (93).\nThis intersection was the site of the most gruesome violence during the 1906\nriot.\n\n“… Another ragtag collection of whites marched\nup Marietta Street to a barbershop across from the post office… . Armed with\nassorted weapons and their bare hands, the white men forced themselves through\nthe shop windows and rushed two of the workers, including lame bootblack Henry\nWelch. Members of the mob fired guns at both men, killing them instantly. After\nvandalizing the shop and stripping the slain barber and bootblack of their\nclothes, the white men dragged their bodies face-first from the shop. A short distance\nfrom this ghastly scene, a mob of whites killed another black man. The three\ncorpses were heaped together at the base of the famous Henry Grady Monument”\n(93).\n\n\n\n\n",[130,231],{"_73":244,"_126":206,"_128":245},[],"Henry_Grady_Statue.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/0dqm2x1un1rhaq4ar56gen0rehwe?variant=desktop",{"_97":258,"_94":24,"_126":206,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":244,"_139":259,"_35":260,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":244,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":244,"_150":112},{"_97":224,"_94":248,"_126":249,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":250,"_139":251,"_35":252,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":250,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":250,"_150":112},3,"Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Kenneth Rogers","Grady_Henry_W.jpg",{"_151":253,"_153":254,"_155":255,"_157":256,"_158":257},191,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgyr7bhy6gdieckjttxdfz6l91y9","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgyr7bhy6gdieckjttxdfz6l91y9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgyr7bhy6gdieckjttxdfz6l91y9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgyr7bhy6gdieckjttxdfz6l91y9?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgyr7bhy6gdieckjttxdfz6l91y9?variant=lqip",186,{"_151":261,"_153":262,"_155":263,"_157":245,"_158":264},190,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/0dqm2x1un1rhaq4ar56gen0rehwe","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/0dqm2x1un1rhaq4ar56gen0rehwe?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/0dqm2x1un1rhaq4ar56gen0rehwe?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/0dqm2x1un1rhaq4ar56gen0rehwe?variant=lqip",82,"streetcar","Streetcar",{"_35":230,"_64":231,"_73":232},4,{"_35":312,"_64":313,"_73":314},"22 Broad St NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","\n\n

Streetcars traveled east-west along Marietta Street, through Five Points and across the\ncity. By not stopping the streetcar service for the night, the streetcar superintendent unwittingly allowed the streetcars to continue to carry unsuspecting African Americans into the center of the violence.

\n\n

“At approximately 10:30 p.m., streetcar no. 207 reached the Marietta and Peachtree\nintersection en route to Grant Park. A nearby crowd of white men was thrown\ninto a frenzy when a white observer excitedly pointed to the car on which white\nwomen mingled with black men. ‘Look at that!’ he shouted. Screaming for the\nhelp of bystanders, the men surrounded the car and lifted it from its guide\nwires. After letting the white men and women exit the immobilized car, the\ncrowd forced its way in by shattering the windows and prying open the doors.\nTwo black women waved umbrellas and hatpins trying to stave off the white\nattackers. The mob moved past them toward the rear of the trolley where four\nblack men and one black woman hid. One black man pleaded for his life. The\nwhite men beat the black men with sticks and clubs” (91).

\n\n

“When one of the black men lifted his head to look out the window, the crowd shouted, ‘He\nain’t dead, beat him again!’ Meanwhile, the motorman had vaulted to the top of\nthe trolley so that he could reconnect the wires and steer away from the scene.\nThe trolley sputtered forward as the white crowd attempted to climb ‘like rats’\nup its sides while the police successfully pushed and pulled them away. The\npolice reported that three blacks died in this trolley alone” (91).

\n\n

“Hearing of this melee, the streetcar\nsuperintendent initially wavered regarding whether to halt streetcar service\ninto the downtown area to protect the trolleys’ drivers and occupants.\nDiscontinuing service, he later rationalized, would have only energized the mob\nas it sensed the company’s weakness. Many motormen aided the mob by bringing\ntheir cars to a standstill when whites pushed themselves into their trolleys’\npaths. Some motormen even joined in the antiblack attacks. Before the company\nﬁnally halted its downtown service, the mob stopped at least nineteen\nadditional cars and entered at least four more” (91).\n\n\n

\n\n",33.754886,-84.390676,[283,284,285],"\n\nStreetcars traveled east-west along Marietta Street, through Five Points and across the\ncity. By not stopping the streetcar service for the night, the streetcar superintendent unwittingly allowed the streetcars to continue to carry unsuspecting African Americans into the center of the violence.\n\n“At approximately 10:30 p. m., streetcar no. 207 reached the Marietta and Peachtree\nintersection en route to Grant Park. A nearby crowd of white men was thrown\ninto a frenzy when a white observer excitedly pointed to the car on which white\nwomen mingled with black men. ‘Look at that!’ he shouted. Screaming for the\nhelp of bystanders, the men surrounded the car and lifted it from its guide\nwires. After letting the white men and women exit the immobilized car, the\ncrowd forced its way in by shattering the windows and prying open the doors.\nTwo black women waved umbrellas and hatpins trying to stave off the white\nattackers. The mob moved past them toward the rear of the trolley where four\nblack men and one black woman hid. One black man pleaded for his life. The\nwhite men beat the black men with sticks and clubs” (91).\n\n“When one of the black men lifted his head to look out the window, the crowd shouted, ‘He\nain’t dead, beat him again!’ Meanwhile, the motorman had vaulted to the top of\nthe trolley so that he could reconnect the wires and steer away from the scene.\nThe trolley sputtered forward as the white crowd attempted to climb ‘like rats’\nup its sides while the police successfully pushed and pulled them away. The\npolice reported that three blacks died in this trolley alone” (91).\n\n“Hearing of this melee, the streetcar\nsuperintendent initially wavered regarding whether to halt streetcar service\ninto the downtown area to protect the trolleys’ drivers and occupants.\nDiscontinuing service, he later rationalized, would have only energized the mob\nas it sensed the company’s weakness. Many motormen aided the mob by bringing\ntheir cars to a standstill when whites pushed themselves into their trolleys’\npaths. Some motormen even joined in the antiblack attacks. Before the company\nﬁnally halted its downtown service, the mob stopped at least nineteen\nadditional cars and entered at least four more” (91).\n\n\n\n\n",[130,266],{"_73":280,"_126":281,"_128":282},[],"Asa_G_Candler.jpg","Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9y78bmzn9n3lu0zt0iifsdt4zooy?variant=desktop",{"_97":305,"_94":24,"_126":281,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":280,"_139":306,"_35":307,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":280,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":280,"_150":112},{"_97":295,"_94":211,"_126":296,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":297,"_139":298,"_35":299,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":297,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":297,"_150":112},{"_97":286,"_94":248,"_126":287,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":288,"_139":289,"_35":258,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":288,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":288,"_150":112},182,"Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. W.J. London.","Streetcar_No_352.jpg",{"_151":290,"_153":291,"_155":292,"_157":293,"_158":294},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m0q2s9mk8laqhirdjbig67qk743k","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m0q2s9mk8laqhirdjbig67qk743k?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m0q2s9mk8laqhirdjbig67qk743k?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m0q2s9mk8laqhirdjbig67qk743k?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m0q2s9mk8laqhirdjbig67qk743k?variant=lqip",181,"Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. William Dunn Studios.","Streetcar.jpg",{"_151":300,"_153":301,"_155":302,"_157":303,"_158":304},185,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/294n8k8d2i4928gmfcxnx3dhzm7z","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/294n8k8d2i4928gmfcxnx3dhzm7z?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/294n8k8d2i4928gmfcxnx3dhzm7z?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/294n8k8d2i4928gmfcxnx3dhzm7z?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/294n8k8d2i4928gmfcxnx3dhzm7z?variant=lqip",180,{"_151":308,"_153":309,"_155":310,"_157":282,"_158":311},184,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9y78bmzn9n3lu0zt0iifsdt4zooy","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9y78bmzn9n3lu0zt0iifsdt4zooy?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9y78bmzn9n3lu0zt0iifsdt4zooy?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9y78bmzn9n3lu0zt0iifsdt4zooy?variant=lqip",81,"five-points","Five Points",{"_35":265,"_64":266,"_73":267},{"_35":347,"_64":18,"_73":348},"25 Peachtree St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","\n\n

The center of Atlanta’s business district in 1906, and a comparatively integrated\narea of the city, Five Points was also a major hub for passing streetcars.

\n\n

“The riot broke out in Five Points, an area notorious for unregulated contact between the\nraces… . Viewed in that context, the violence in Five Points was partly an attempt by whites to cordon off the center city as their own” (107).

\n\n

“For approximately four hours [on September 22^nd], whites armed with almost every weapon imaginable – shotguns, revolvers, iron bars, knives, sticks, canes, bricks, stones, or anything else that ‘could be wrenched off a building’ – surged through Atlanta’s downtown in search of their black quarry while shouting, ‘Kill them!’ ‘Lynch them!’ ‘Kill every damn nigger in sight!’ Newspapers reported a thousand shots reverberating through the night\nair” (90).\n

\n\n",33.754429,-84.389606,[329,330],"\n\nThe center of Atlanta’s business district in 1906, and a comparatively integrated\narea of the city, Five Points was also a major hub for passing streetcars.\n\n“The riot broke out in Five Points, an area notorious for unregulated contact between the\nraces… . Viewed in that context, the violence in Five Points was partly an attempt by whites to cordon off the center city as their own” (107).\n\n“For approximately four hours [on September 22nd], whites armed with almost every weapon imaginable – shotguns, revolvers, iron bars, knives, sticks, canes, bricks, stones, or anything else that ‘could be wrenched off a building’ – surged through Atlanta’s downtown in search of their black quarry while shouting, ‘Kill them!’ ‘Lynch them!’ ‘Kill every damn nigger in sight!’ Newspapers reported a thousand shots reverberating through the night\nair” (90).\n\n\n",[130,313],{"_73":326,"_126":327,"_128":328},[],"Five_Points.jpg","Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Francis E. Price.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/i7lpld5lui1pfq44obxxatfd8cqy?variant=desktop",{"_97":299,"_94":211,"_126":327,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":326,"_139":341,"_35":342,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":326,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":326,"_150":112},{"_97":252,"_94":211,"_126":331,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":332,"_139":333,"_35":334,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":332,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":335,"_150":112},"Georgia State University Library Digital Collections. Atlanta Journal-Constitution.","Five_Points_intersection_in_downtown_Atlanta__1920s.jpg",{"_151":336,"_153":337,"_155":338,"_157":339,"_158":340},195,"Five Points intersection in downtown Atlanta, 1920s.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/tcvnptp4n1f9a5gdb48xk65rr438","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/tcvnptp4n1f9a5gdb48xk65rr438?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/tcvnptp4n1f9a5gdb48xk65rr438?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/tcvnptp4n1f9a5gdb48xk65rr438?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/tcvnptp4n1f9a5gdb48xk65rr438?variant=lqip",{"_151":343,"_153":344,"_155":345,"_157":328,"_158":346},189,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/i7lpld5lui1pfq44obxxatfd8cqy","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/i7lpld5lui1pfq44obxxatfd8cqy?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/i7lpld5lui1pfq44obxxatfd8cqy?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/i7lpld5lui1pfq44obxxatfd8cqy?variant=lqip",80,"Kimball House Hotel",{"_35":312,"_64":313,"_73":314},{"_35":381,"_64":382,"_73":383},"45 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","\n\n

A large, prominent Atlanta hotel, the Kimball House\nwas the initial gathering place of the mob.

\n\n

\"By 8:30\np.m. that Saturday night [September 22], thousands of whites had packed into\nthe Five Points area; many congregated at the intersection of Decatur and South Pryor Streets, just outside the Kimball\nHouse, the city’s most luxurious hotel and dining spot. Paperboys, still\nscreaming the newspapers’ headlines, pushed their way through the crowd” (88).

\n\n

\"Late into the evening, large crowds of whites remained ensconced at the Kimball\nHouse. Sighted by the white mob, a black man attempted to escape into the building, but a\nvolley of stones and clubs stopped him in his tracks” (94).

\n\n

“… three policemen attempted to force white rioters away from the Kimball\nHouse, where their frenzied pursuit of African Americans resulted in broken doors and smashed windows totaling more than $400 in damage” (97).\n\n\n

\n\n",33.753655,-84.388764,[363,364],"\n\nA large, prominent Atlanta hotel, the Kimball House\nwas the initial gathering place of the mob.\n\n\"By 8:30\np. m. that Saturday night [September 22], thousands of whites had packed into\nthe Five Points area; many congregated at the intersection of Decatur and South Pryor Streets, just outside the Kimball\nHouse, the city’s most luxurious hotel and dining spot. Paperboys, still\nscreaming the newspapers’ headlines, pushed their way through the crowd” (88).\n\n\"Late into the evening, large crowds of whites remained ensconced at the Kimball\nHouse. Sighted by the white mob, a black man attempted to escape into the building, but a\nvolley of stones and clubs stopped him in his tracks” (94).\n\n“… three policemen attempted to force white rioters away from the Kimball\nHouse, where their frenzied pursuit of African Americans resulted in broken doors and smashed windows totaling more than $400 in damage” (97).\n\n\n\n\n",[130,18],{"_73":360,"_126":361,"_128":362},[],"The Kimball House, 1907.jpg","Georgia State University Library Digital Collections. Atlanta Guidebook","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lvzuoea2mndnpzxrunla0mvr8ypn?variant=desktop",{"_97":374,"_94":24,"_126":361,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":375,"_139":376,"_35":210,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":375,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":360,"_150":112},{"_97":342,"_94":211,"_126":361,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":365,"_139":366,"_35":367,"_142":-5,"_143":144,"_145":365,"_146":147,"_148":149,"_73":368,"_150":112},"The_Kimball_House__1898.jpg",{"_151":369,"_153":370,"_155":371,"_157":372,"_158":373},193,"The Kimball House, 1898.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkk5b7w18w7rsyvn13wam6lqulgt","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkk5b7w18w7rsyvn13wam6lqulgt?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkk5b7w18w7rsyvn13wam6lqulgt?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkk5b7w18w7rsyvn13wam6lqulgt?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkk5b7w18w7rsyvn13wam6lqulgt?variant=lqip",188,"The_Kimball_House__1907.jpg",{"_151":377,"_153":378,"_155":379,"_157":362,"_158":380},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lvzuoea2mndnpzxrunla0mvr8ypn","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lvzuoea2mndnpzxrunla0mvr8ypn?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lvzuoea2mndnpzxrunla0mvr8ypn?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lvzuoea2mndnpzxrunla0mvr8ypn?variant=lqip",79,"atlanta-police-station","Atlanta Police Station ",{"_35":347,"_64":18,"_73":348},"Petit Science Center, 145 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","\n\n

Despite their close proximity to the violence, the\nAtlanta Police department hesitated to intervene. When they did, police focused\non arresting African Americans and protecting the white rioters.

\n\n

“A large group of whites surged down Decatur Street\ntoward the black saloon district, but their advance was temporarily checked by\npolice. Enraged at the sight of a ‘boisterous’ black man, the crowd quickly\nbroke through the thin barrier; its members surrounded their prey and beat him\nwith sticks and barrel staves. During the next few minutes, whites pursued and\nstruck down any blacks they happened upon” (89).

\n\n

“In the\nearly afternoon, police fanned out through much of the downtown area, forcibly\nclosing the ‘dangerous’ and ‘disorderly’ black dives and saloons” (85).

\n\n

“Police,\navoiding the use of their weapons, entered the [street] car and pulled the\nwhite men off their victims only after the attackers had knocked them to the\nfloor” (91).

\n\n

“Police\nChief Henry Jennings … reported that unknown persons had slashed the police\nstation’s telephone wires, disrupting departmental communications. The station\nitself, located within shouting distance of Five Points, disintegrated into\nmass confusion as African Americans poured in desperately seeking asylum” (96).

\n\n\n\n\n\n

“When the police did\nintervene, they generally refused to use their weapons against white mob\nmembers” (96).

\n\n\n

\n\n",33.751056,-84.385015,[396,397],"\n\nDespite their close proximity to the violence, the\nAtlanta Police department hesitated to intervene. When they did, police focused\non arresting African Americans and protecting the white rioters.\n\n“A large group of whites surged down Decatur Street\ntoward the black saloon district, but their advance was temporarily checked by\npolice. Enraged at the sight of a ‘boisterous’ black man, the crowd quickly\nbroke through the thin barrier; its members surrounded their prey and beat him\nwith sticks and barrel staves. During the next few minutes, whites pursued and\nstruck down any blacks they happened upon” (89).\n\n“In the\nearly afternoon, police fanned out through much of the downtown area, forcibly\nclosing the ‘dangerous’ and ‘disorderly’ black dives and saloons” (85).\n\n“Police,\navoiding the use of their weapons, entered the [street] car and pulled the\nwhite men off their victims only after the attackers had knocked them to the\nfloor” (91).\n\n“Police\nChief Henry Jennings … reported that unknown persons had slashed the police\nstation’s telephone wires, disrupting departmental communications. The station\nitself, located within shouting distance of Five Points, disintegrated into\nmass confusion as African Americans poured in desperately seeking asylum” (96).\n\n\n\n\n\n“When the police did\nintervene, they generally refused to use their weapons against white mob\nmembers” (96).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",[130,382],{"_73":394,"_126":281,"_128":395},[],"Atlanta_Police_Headquarters.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/a0g03n9fesqrakhjcqm50sojsvd8?variant=desktop",{"_97":410,"_94":24,"_126":281,"_133":411,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":412,"_139":413,"_35":221,"_142":-5,"_143":414,"_145":412,"_146":147,"_148":415,"_73":394,"_150":112},{"_97":260,"_94":211,"_126":398,"_133":399,"_135":-5,"_136":112,"_137":400,"_139":401,"_35":402,"_142":-5,"_143":403,"_145":400,"_146":147,"_148":404,"_73":400,"_150":112},"Atlanta Police 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