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Beginning in 1960, the Atlanta sit-in movement took over the downtown area of the city. Follow this tour to see where student activists conducted their peaceful protests and sat down to stand up for what they believed in. You'll learn about major players and events of the movement while visiting the actual sites where they happened. Historic photos and descriptions will help you see what the protestors saw and take you back to this time of energy and passion in Atlanta's past.

This project was developed under the guidance of Dr. Marni Davis for the Metropolitan Atlanta History course at Georgia State University, Spring 2019.

Contributing Authors: Ryan Heazel, Curt Jackson, Joy Anna Dillard Appel, Ruth Elisabeth Stewart, Allison Wright, Reshae D Cooper.

Continuity Editor: Allison Wright.
Project Management/GIS: Curt Jackson.

","flat_pages",[],"id",5,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","terrain","media",[672],"meta_description","","mode",{"_35":545,"_74":671},"modes",[],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-09-10","read_duration","14 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","Beginning in 1960, the Atlanta sit-in movement took over the downtown area of the city. Follow this tour to see where student activists conducted their peaceful protests and sat down to stand up for what they believed in. You'll learn about major players and events of the movement while visiting the actual sites where they happened. Historic photos and descriptions will help you see what the protestors saw and take you back to this time of energy and passion in Atlanta's past. This project was developed under the guidance of Dr. Marni Davis for the Metropolitan Atlanta History course at Georgia State University, Spring 2019. Contributing Authors: Ryan Heazel, Curt Jackson, Joy Anna Dillard Appel, Ruth Elisabeth Stewart, Allison Wright, Reshae D Cooper. Continuity Editor: Allison Wright. Project Management/GIS: Curt Jackson.","splash",{"_74":668,"_131":669,"_132":670},"slug","slugs",[16],"stop_count",13,"stops",[86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98],"tenant_title","Gsu Walking Tours","title","Atlanta Sit-Ins 1961-1964","travel_duration","26 minutes walking","theme",{"_35":84,"_74":85},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",15,"ksu",{"_99":634,"_100":24,"_101":-5,"_103":631,"_105":635,"_107":-5,"_31":636,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":631,"_113":637,"_115":638,"_41":-5,"_45":639,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":640,"_65":632,"_66":641,"_63":642,"_74":633,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":643},{"_99":620,"_100":213,"_101":621,"_103":617,"_105":622,"_107":-5,"_31":623,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":617,"_113":624,"_115":625,"_41":-5,"_45":626,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":627,"_65":618,"_66":628,"_63":-5,"_74":619,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":629},{"_99":572,"_100":258,"_101":573,"_103":570,"_105":574,"_107":-5,"_31":575,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":570,"_113":576,"_115":577,"_41":-5,"_45":578,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":579,"_65":18,"_66":580,"_63":581,"_74":571,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":582},{"_99":544,"_100":545,"_101":546,"_103":541,"_105":547,"_107":-5,"_31":548,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":541,"_113":549,"_115":550,"_41":-5,"_45":551,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":552,"_65":542,"_66":553,"_63":554,"_74":543,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":555},{"_99":491,"_100":36,"_101":492,"_103":488,"_105":493,"_107":-5,"_31":494,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":488,"_113":495,"_115":496,"_41":-5,"_45":497,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":498,"_65":489,"_66":499,"_63":500,"_74":490,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":501},{"_99":439,"_100":440,"_101":441,"_103":436,"_105":442,"_107":-5,"_31":443,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":436,"_113":444,"_115":445,"_41":-5,"_45":446,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":447,"_65":437,"_66":448,"_63":449,"_74":438,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":450},{"_99":373,"_100":374,"_101":375,"_103":370,"_105":376,"_107":-5,"_31":377,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":370,"_113":378,"_115":379,"_41":-5,"_45":380,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":381,"_65":371,"_66":382,"_63":383,"_74":372,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":384},{"_99":332,"_100":333,"_101":334,"_103":329,"_105":335,"_107":-5,"_31":336,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":329,"_113":337,"_115":338,"_41":-5,"_45":339,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":340,"_65":330,"_66":341,"_63":342,"_74":331,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":343},{"_99":294,"_100":295,"_101":296,"_103":291,"_105":297,"_107":-5,"_31":298,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":291,"_113":299,"_115":300,"_41":-5,"_45":301,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":302,"_65":292,"_66":303,"_63":304,"_74":293,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":305},{"_99":239,"_100":240,"_101":241,"_103":236,"_105":242,"_107":-5,"_31":243,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":236,"_113":244,"_115":245,"_41":-5,"_45":246,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":247,"_65":237,"_66":248,"_63":249,"_74":238,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":250},{"_99":194,"_100":195,"_101":196,"_103":191,"_105":197,"_107":-5,"_31":198,"_109":-5,"_110":199,"_111":112,"_35":191,"_113":200,"_115":201,"_41":-5,"_45":202,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":203,"_65":192,"_66":204,"_63":205,"_74":193,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":206},{"_99":166,"_100":167,"_101":168,"_103":163,"_105":169,"_107":-5,"_31":170,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":163,"_113":171,"_115":172,"_41":-5,"_45":173,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":174,"_65":164,"_66":175,"_63":176,"_74":165,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":177},{"_99":-5,"_100":69,"_101":102,"_103":104,"_105":106,"_107":-5,"_31":108,"_109":-5,"_110":-5,"_111":112,"_35":104,"_113":114,"_115":116,"_41":-5,"_45":117,"_47":48,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":121,"_65":122,"_66":123,"_63":124,"_74":125,"_80":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_81":129},"next","position","previous",{"_35":163,"_65":164,"_74":165},"relation_id",44,"address","Georgia State Capitol, Atlanta, GA 30334, USA","article_link","This 8-foot tall bronze statue of Martin Luther King, Junior, was erected in 2017, 53 years after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, in the shadow of the Georgia State Capitol. Looking at the other statues in this area, it is worth noting that of the seven Georgia governors memorialized on these grounds, only one (Jimmy Carter) publicly affirmed the principles of integration to which MLK dedicated his life. Four years before the installation of MLK’s statue, a statue of Thomas E. Watson was removed by then-governor Nathan Deal. Watson was a white populist at the turn of the century who stoked the flames of a more broadly bigoted brand of white supremacy that rolled anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and vitriolic nativism into the familiar anti-black rhetoric. As this tour comes to an end, we invite you to reflect on the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement in our state’s public memory.
While MLK is perhaps the most universally recognized symbol of the battle to end the legal apparatus of white supremacy, the stories you have heard on this tour reflect the fact that this was truly a mass movement. It succeeded because it galvanized people outside the traditional power structure to take action. Leaders such as MLK were important evangelists for Civil Rights and spoke with moving oratory to sway observers into supporting the direct action of thousands of relatively anonymous Atlantans. Huge numbers of students were willing to place their bodies on the line, facing imprisonment and harassment from the powerful enforcers of segregation in their city. The Civil Rights Movement is as much their story as it is Martin Luther King’s, for without their efforts it would not have been the story of triumph we tell today.
","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#D32F2F","lat",33.7497051,"lng",-84.3881012,[134],"orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","This 8-foot tall bronze statue of Martin Luther King, Junior, was erected in 2017, 53 years after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, in the shadow of the Georgia State Capitol. Looking at the other statues in this area, it is worth noting that of the seven Georgia governors memorialized on these grounds, only one (Jimmy Carter) publicly affirmed the principles of integration to which MLK dedicated his life. Four years before the installation of MLK’s statue, a statue of Thomas E. Watson was removed by then-governor Nathan Deal. Watson was a white populist at the turn of the century who stoked the flames of a more broadly bigoted brand of white supremacy that rolled anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and vitriolic nativism into the familiar anti-black rhetoric. As this tour comes to an end, we invite you to reflect on the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement in our state’s public memory. While MLK is perhaps the most universally recognized symbol of the battle to end the legal apparatus of white supremacy, the stories you have heard on this tour reflect the fact that this was truly a mass movement. It succeeded because it galvanized people outside the traditional power structure to take action. Leaders such as MLK were important evangelists for Civil Rights and spoke with moving oratory to sway observers into supporting the direct action of thousands of relatively anonymous Atlantans. Huge numbers of students were willing to place their bodies on the line, facing imprisonment and harassment from the powerful enforcers of segregation in their city. The Civil Rights Movement is as much their story as it is Martin Luther King’s, for without their efforts it would not have been the story of triumph we tell today.","mlk-statue-at-state-house",[122],{"_74":130,"_131":48,"_132":133},"MLK Statue at State House","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"MLK Statue","caption","url","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/kelujyu1tchzrmuwbcklp5fl64xk?variant=desktop",{"_103":135,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":137,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":141,"_142":143,"_35":144,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":141,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_74":130,"_153":48},115,"desktop_width",244,"embed","embed_id","filename","MLK_statue.jpg","files",{"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":159,"_160":133,"_161":162},117,"lqip_width","mobile_width",200,"original_image","provider","keiner","tablet_width",183,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/kelujyu1tchzrmuwbcklp5fl64xk","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/kelujyu1tchzrmuwbcklp5fl64xk?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/kelujyu1tchzrmuwbcklp5fl64xk?variant=tablet","desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/kelujyu1tchzrmuwbcklp5fl64xk?variant=lqip",43,"fulton-county-superior-courthouse","Fulton County Superior Courthouse",{"_35":104,"_65":122,"_74":125},12,{"_35":191,"_65":192,"_74":193},"136 Pryor St., Atlanta, GA 30303","When the Atlanta sit-ins first began in 1960, it was a presidential election year, and the battle between Republican candidate Richard Nixon and Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy was heating up. How they would respond to the question of the sit-ins would become a major point of contention, and while they both fumbled at first, JFK eventually came out as a supporter of the movement. When Martin Luther King, Junior, was imprisoned for participating in the sit-ins, JFK called and expressed his support for MLK to the leader’s wife. Martin Luther King, Senior, publicly expressed his support for JFK after that, during a sermon at his church, despite the fact that JFK was Catholic, which he had previously been wary of.
Kennedy would ultimately win the election and affect the national fight for integration in federal courts, but on a local level in Atlanta, the Fulton County courts were busy. By 1964, a backlog of over 100 cases related to the sit-in movement existed, with several judges pushing for indictment. Many of these cases were sent to the federal courts.

The Fulton County Courthouse, or Lewis R. Slaton Courthouse, was built between 1911 and 1914 and was designed by noted Atlanta-based architect A. Ten Eyck Brown. It has been added to the National Register of Historic Places.

",33.7508662,-84.3909177,[181],"When the Atlanta sit-ins first began in 1960, it was a presidential election year, and the battle between Republican candidate Richard Nixon and Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy was heating up. How they would respond to the question of the sit-ins would become a major point of contention, and while they both fumbled at first, JFK eventually came out as a supporter of the movement. When Martin Luther King, Junior, was imprisoned for participating in the sit-ins, JFK called and expressed his support for MLK to the leader’s wife. Martin Luther King, Senior, publicly expressed his support for JFK after that, during a sermon at his church, despite the fact that JFK was Catholic, which he had previously been wary of. Kennedy would ultimately win the election and affect the national fight for integration in federal courts, but on a local level in Atlanta, the Fulton County courts were busy. By 1964, a backlog of over 100 cases related to the sit-in movement existed, with several judges pushing for indictment. Many of these cases were sent to the federal courts. The Fulton County Courthouse, or Lewis R. Slaton Courthouse, was built between 1911 and 1914 and was designed by noted Atlanta-based architect A. Ten Eyck Brown. It has been added to the National Register of Historic Places.",[164],{"_74":178,"_131":179,"_132":180},[],"Fulton County Courthouse","photo credit: Atlanta Journal-Constitution, https://www.ajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/fulton-county-spend-million-courthouse-renovation/KNmGNmrgPNyTrcVK5Zne2N/","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9pzhvgvey7ko4qjp1kk43uno669l?variant=desktop",{"_103":182,"_100":24,"_131":179,"_136":183,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":184,"_142":185,"_35":135,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":184,"_149":150,"_151":186,"_74":178,"_153":48},113,557,"Fulton_County_Courthouse_photo_from_AJC.jpg",{"_154":187,"_156":188,"_158":189,"_160":180,"_161":190},417,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9pzhvgvey7ko4qjp1kk43uno669l","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9pzhvgvey7ko4qjp1kk43uno669l?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9pzhvgvey7ko4qjp1kk43uno669l?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/9pzhvgvey7ko4qjp1kk43uno669l?variant=lqip",42,"terminal-station","Terminal Station",{"_35":163,"_65":164,"_74":165},11,{"_35":236,"_65":237,"_74":238},"Richard B. Russell Federal Building, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","Atlanta’s Terminal Station opened in 1905 and grew with the downtown business and shopping district. Designed by P. Thornton Mayre, the architect for the Fox Theater and Capital City Club, the station linked Florida with Northeastern and Midwestern states and served as an impressive welcome for travelers to Atlanta during the early and mid-twentieth century. It was common for travelers to use the station for trips to the huge and popular Rich’s Department Store across the street, in particular.
Like most businesses in the United States, particularly in the South, Terminal Station was racially segregated. By the time the student protest movement began in Atlanta in the early 1960s, the station, and its lunch counter, were popular spaces frequented not just by travelers, but also by local Atlantans working or shopping in downtown, which made the segregated Terminal Station lunch counter an ideal location for sit-in demonstrations.
In October 1960, dozens of students were arrested under Georgia’s new anti-trespass law when they refused to leave segregated lunch counters where they were denied service. The Terminal Station lunch counter continued to be a site for demonstrations and arrests in the ongoing movement.
In 1972, the Terminal Station building was demolished, and the current Richard B. Russell Federal Building was built in 1979.

","

",33.7532964,-84.3959219,[210,211],"Atlanta’s Terminal Station opened in 1905 and grew with the downtown business and shopping district. Designed by P. Thornton Mayre, the architect for the Fox Theater and Capital City Club, the station linked Florida with Northeastern and Midwestern states and served as an impressive welcome for travelers to Atlanta during the early and mid-twentieth century. It was common for travelers to use the station for trips to the huge and popular Rich’s Department Store across the street, in particular. Like most businesses in the United States, particularly in the South, Terminal Station was racially segregated. By the time the student protest movement began in Atlanta in the early 1960s, the station, and its lunch counter, were popular spaces frequented not just by travelers, but also by local Atlantans working or shopping in downtown, which made the segregated Terminal Station lunch counter an ideal location for sit-in demonstrations. In October 1960, dozens of students were arrested under Georgia’s new anti-trespass law when they refused to leave segregated lunch counters where they were denied service. The Terminal Station lunch counter continued to be a site for demonstrations and arrests in the ongoing movement. In 1972, the Terminal Station building was demolished, and the current Richard B. Russell Federal Building was built in 1979.",[192],{"_74":207,"_131":208,"_132":209},[],"Terminal Station circa 1914","From: Atlanta Souvenir, Atlanta: Johnson-Dallis Co., 1914. Online at Internet Archive.\nhttp://www.archive.org/details/atlantasouvenir00atla","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/naqxbh8u4oi7q5g4xe9n42aiztep?variant=desktop",{"_103":226,"_100":24,"_131":208,"_136":227,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":228,"_142":229,"_35":230,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":228,"_149":150,"_151":231,"_74":207,"_153":48},{"_103":212,"_100":213,"_131":214,"_136":215,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":216,"_142":217,"_35":218,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":216,"_149":150,"_151":219,"_74":220,"_153":48},90,2,"Terminal Station in Atlanta GA 1967. \nPhoto credit: George Lane, SSAVE. \nSome photo rights reserved via Creative Commons: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/deed.en\nSource Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ssave/6816391056/in/set-72157629480942674\n",600,"Terminal_Station_circa_1967.jpg",{"_154":221,"_156":222,"_158":223,"_160":224,"_161":225},91,450,"Terminal Station circa 1967","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/979aw9wssfsgkufdlowymoltc4kx","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/979aw9wssfsgkufdlowymoltc4kx?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/979aw9wssfsgkufdlowymoltc4kx?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/979aw9wssfsgkufdlowymoltc4kx?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/979aw9wssfsgkufdlowymoltc4kx?variant=lqip",87,587,"Terminal_Station_circa_1914.png",{"_154":232,"_156":233,"_158":234,"_160":209,"_161":235},88,440,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/naqxbh8u4oi7q5g4xe9n42aiztep","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/naqxbh8u4oi7q5g4xe9n42aiztep?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/naqxbh8u4oi7q5g4xe9n42aiztep?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/naqxbh8u4oi7q5g4xe9n42aiztep?variant=lqip",41,"rich-s","Rich's",{"_35":191,"_65":192,"_74":193},10,{"_35":291,"_65":292,"_74":293},"100 Alabama St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","Rich’s Department Store was founded in 1867. The Store came to symbolize the retail shopping experience in Atlanta during the 20th century. Morris Rich and his brother first opened a dry goods store (M.Rich & Bros. Co.) on Whitehall Street in Atlanta. Their business flourished rapidly and they began to expand over the next five decades. In 1924, the downtown Atlanta store moved to its final location, located at the corner of Alabama Street and Broad Street. In 1948, Rich brought a massive seventy-foot live Christmas tree and first placed it on the roof of Rich's downtown store. Thereafter, the Lighting of the Great Tree became an Atlanta tradition, with thousands of people showing up each Thanksgiving to witness the event.

Rich’s began to grow as the city of Atlanta grew during the 1960s and 1970s. Department stores expanded into malls throughout metro Atlanta. Although possessing a reputation for being more tolerant toward African American customers than many other stores in the South, Rich's still found itself the target of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Local African American college students demonstrated and staged sit-ins at the store. Well-known civil rights activist and sit-in participant Julian Bond later noted that \"if Rich's went, so would everybody else,\" meaning if Rich’s desegregated their store, others would too. The students targeted the Magnolia Room, Rich's segregated restaurant. In October 1960, several students, along with Martin Luther King, Junior, were arrested while conducting a sit-in at the Magnolia Room. A boycott of the store followed those arrests, and by the fall of 1961, Rich's began to desegregate.

",33.7535139,-84.3921622,[254,255,256],"Rich’s Department Store was founded in 1867. The Store came to symbolize the retail shopping experience in Atlanta during the 20th century. Morris Rich and his brother first opened a dry goods store (M. Rich & Bros. Co.) on Whitehall Street in Atlanta. Their business flourished rapidly and they began to expand over the next five decades. In 1924, the downtown Atlanta store moved to its final location, located at the corner of Alabama Street and Broad Street. In 1948, Rich brought a massive seventy-foot live Christmas tree and first placed it on the roof of Rich's downtown store. Thereafter, the Lighting of the Great Tree became an Atlanta tradition, with thousands of people showing up each Thanksgiving to witness the event. Rich’s began to grow as the city of Atlanta grew during the 1960s and 1970s. Department stores expanded into malls throughout metro Atlanta. Although possessing a reputation for being more tolerant toward African American customers than many other stores in the South, Rich's still found itself the target of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Local African American college students demonstrated and staged sit-ins at the store. Well-known civil rights activist and sit-in participant Julian Bond later noted that \"if Rich's went, so would everybody else,\" meaning if Rich’s desegregated their store, others would too. The students targeted the Magnolia Room, Rich's segregated restaurant. In October 1960, several students, along with Martin Luther King, Junior, were arrested while conducting a sit-in at the Magnolia Room. A boycott of the store followed those arrests, and by the fall of 1961, Rich's began to desegregate.",[237],{"_74":251,"_131":252,"_132":253},[],"Richs Department Store Building, Broad and Alabama Streets, August, 1954.","Photo Credit: Lane Brothers Commercial Photographers Photographic Collection, 1920-1976. Photographic Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/lane/id/2396","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h2p7qns0q1p6g85vaf04z54ldsmn?variant=desktop",{"_103":282,"_100":24,"_131":252,"_136":283,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":284,"_142":285,"_35":270,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":284,"_149":150,"_151":286,"_74":251,"_153":48},{"_103":270,"_100":213,"_131":271,"_136":272,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":273,"_142":274,"_35":257,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":273,"_149":150,"_151":275,"_74":276,"_153":48},{"_103":257,"_100":258,"_131":259,"_136":260,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":261,"_142":262,"_35":182,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":261,"_149":150,"_151":263,"_74":264,"_153":48},112,3,"Photo Credit: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://lenny4.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/4159",461,"download__3_.jpg",{"_154":265,"_156":266,"_158":267,"_160":268,"_161":269},346,"Civil rights protestors outside of Rich's Department Store, Atlanta, Georgia, November 22, 1963.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkwzs0kfly0fdkcj4vuvqhxm2pel","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkwzs0kfly0fdkcj4vuvqhxm2pel?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkwzs0kfly0fdkcj4vuvqhxm2pel?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkwzs0kfly0fdkcj4vuvqhxm2pel?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/dkwzs0kfly0fdkcj4vuvqhxm2pel?variant=lqip",111,"Photo Credit: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/11309",323,"download__2_.jpg",{"_154":277,"_156":278,"_158":279,"_160":280,"_161":281},242,"Demonstrators protest against Rich's department store segregated policies, 1960","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mv84pfepf9tlwsh37nhwwthwdh9g","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mv84pfepf9tlwsh37nhwwthwdh9g?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mv84pfepf9tlwsh37nhwwthwdh9g?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mv84pfepf9tlwsh37nhwwthwdh9g?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mv84pfepf9tlwsh37nhwwthwdh9g?variant=lqip",110,315,"Richs_Department_Store_building_Broad_and_Alabama_Streets.png",{"_154":287,"_156":288,"_158":289,"_160":253,"_161":290},236,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h2p7qns0q1p6g85vaf04z54ldsmn","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h2p7qns0q1p6g85vaf04z54ldsmn?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h2p7qns0q1p6g85vaf04z54ldsmn?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h2p7qns0q1p6g85vaf04z54ldsmn?variant=lqip",40,"the-atlanta-constitution-building","The Atlanta Constitution Building",{"_35":236,"_65":237,"_74":238},9,{"_35":329,"_65":330,"_74":331},"143 Alabama St, Atlanta, GA","The Atlanta Constitution was the paper of record for the city of Atlanta on the eve of the sit-in demonstrations, and like most newspapers, it drew a large part of its income from advertising. When sit-in demonstrations began publicly shaming local restaurants and department stores for being complicit in systemic bigotry, the Constitution faced a choice: either rally behind the businesses who paid for ad space in their paper or condemn the actions of the protesters. On March 9, 1960, the Atlanta Constitution and several other Atlanta-area newspapers published “An Appeal for Human Rights,” the pro-integration manifesto drafted by the All-University Student Leadership Group. Following this, the Atlanta Constitution would occasionally offer a pro-integration editorial, but their coverage of the sit-ins contained indications that they were biased against the protestors.

In articles dealing with the demonstrations themselves, the owners of the businesses were named and interviewed, but the protestors were simply referred to in the collective. When demonstrators were given specific names, their names were always paired with their home addresses. This rings sinister when considering the controversial nature of desegregation activism and the legacy of lynch mobs attacking the homes of black people.

",33.7542208,-84.3929285,[308,309],"The Atlanta Constitution was the paper of record for the city of Atlanta on the eve of the sit-in demonstrations, and like most newspapers, it drew a large part of its income from advertising. When sit-in demonstrations began publicly shaming local restaurants and department stores for being complicit in systemic bigotry, the Constitution faced a choice: either rally behind the businesses who paid for ad space in their paper or condemn the actions of the protesters. On March 9, 1960, the Atlanta Constitution and several other Atlanta-area newspapers published “An Appeal for Human Rights,” the pro-integration manifesto drafted by the All-University Student Leadership Group. Following this, the Atlanta Constitution would occasionally offer a pro-integration editorial, but their coverage of the sit-ins contained indications that they were biased against the protestors. In articles dealing with the demonstrations themselves, the owners of the businesses were named and interviewed, but the protestors were simply referred to in the collective. When demonstrators were given specific names, their names were always paired with their home addresses. This rings sinister when considering the controversial nature of desegregation activism and the legacy of lynch mobs attacking the homes of black people.",[292],{"_74":306,"_131":48,"_132":307},[],"Constitution-1890.JPG","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/skgqszzmvqtdg02jbdh2llix9nzd?variant=desktop",{"_103":321,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":322,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":306,"_142":323,"_35":310,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":306,"_149":150,"_151":324,"_74":306,"_153":48},{"_103":310,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":311,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":312,"_142":313,"_35":314,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":312,"_149":150,"_151":315,"_74":312,"_153":48},74,508,"Atlanta_Constitution_Building.jpg",{"_154":316,"_156":317,"_158":318,"_160":319,"_161":320},75,381,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aq7yzvzqm3tynj87tzg0y93x1bex","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aq7yzvzqm3tynj87tzg0y93x1bex?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aq7yzvzqm3tynj87tzg0y93x1bex?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aq7yzvzqm3tynj87tzg0y93x1bex?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aq7yzvzqm3tynj87tzg0y93x1bex?variant=lqip",73,306,{"_154":325,"_156":326,"_158":327,"_160":307,"_161":328},230,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/skgqszzmvqtdg02jbdh2llix9nzd","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/skgqszzmvqtdg02jbdh2llix9nzd?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/skgqszzmvqtdg02jbdh2llix9nzd?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/skgqszzmvqtdg02jbdh2llix9nzd?variant=lqip",39,"woolworth-s-coffee-shop","Woolworth's Coffee Shop",{"_35":291,"_65":292,"_74":293},8,{"_35":370,"_65":371,"_74":372},"1 Forsyth St. NW, Atlanta, GA","In the mid-1900s, Atlanta’s downtown business and retail district was booming, having developed along with the railroad. Urban renewal was just beginning, and many of the buildings we lost in the following years were still standing then, including several along Forsyth Street where Five Points Marta Station is today. These buildings once housed important sites for the student sit-in demonstrations of the 1960s, including the Coffee Shop at 1 Forsyth Street and Woolworth’s downtown location, which had a busy—segregated—lunch counter.
When the organized sit-in demonstrations began on October 19, 1960, dozens of African American students refused to leave downtown lunch counters when they were denied service. If specifically asked to leave, protesters could be arrested for violating Georgia’s new anti-trespass law, and many were. By spring of 1961, the Atlanta jail was dangerously overcrowded while demonstrators were held on bond and charges were brought.
Forsyth Street continued to be a site for demonstrations throughout the movement, not just for sit-ins, but also for picketing by pro-integration activists and counter-demonstrators, including members of the Ku Klux Klan. The Coffee Shop at 1 Forsyth Street and the lunch counter at Woolworth’s were frequently in the news—they were two of the earliest sites for sit-in demonstrations and continued to host protests throughout the movement. Both lunch counters were closed on numerous occasions in response to sit-ins, and many demonstrators were arrested for refusing to leave them after being denied service.
The buildings that housed Woolworth’s and the Coffee Shop were demolished in the 1970s for the development of Five Points MARTA Station, which opened in December 1979.

",33.7544764,-84.3921836,[347,348],"In the mid-1900s, Atlanta’s downtown business and retail district was booming, having developed along with the railroad. Urban renewal was just beginning, and many of the buildings we lost in the following years were still standing then, including several along Forsyth Street where Five Points Marta Station is today. These buildings once housed important sites for the student sit-in demonstrations of the 1960s, including the Coffee Shop at 1 Forsyth Street and Woolworth’s downtown location, which had a busy—segregated—lunch counter. When the organized sit-in demonstrations began on October 19, 1960, dozens of African American students refused to leave downtown lunch counters when they were denied service. If specifically asked to leave, protesters could be arrested for violating Georgia’s new anti-trespass law, and many were. By spring of 1961, the Atlanta jail was dangerously overcrowded while demonstrators were held on bond and charges were brought. Forsyth Street continued to be a site for demonstrations throughout the movement, not just for sit-ins, but also for picketing by pro-integration activists and counter-demonstrators, including members of the Ku Klux Klan. The Coffee Shop at 1 Forsyth Street and the lunch counter at Woolworth’s were frequently in the news—they were two of the earliest sites for sit-in demonstrations and continued to host protests throughout the movement. Both lunch counters were closed on numerous occasions in response to sit-ins, and many demonstrators were arrested for refusing to leave them after being denied service. The buildings that housed Woolworth’s and the Coffee Shop were demolished in the 1970s for the development of Five Points MARTA Station, which opened in December 1979.",[346,330],{"_74":344,"_131":48,"_132":345},[],"Woolworth_store_Broad_Street.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h3h02fy94wlvaid5xk71wa3v5x11?variant=desktop","the-coffee-shop",{"_103":361,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":362,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":344,"_142":363,"_35":364,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":344,"_149":150,"_151":365,"_74":344,"_153":48},{"_103":349,"_100":213,"_131":350,"_136":351,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":352,"_142":353,"_35":282,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":352,"_149":150,"_151":354,"_74":355,"_153":48},109,"Photo Credit: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/2516",487,"download__1_.jpg",{"_154":356,"_156":357,"_158":358,"_160":359,"_161":360},365,"Sit-in at Woolworth's lunch counter, Atlanta, Georgia, October 19, 1960.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m5q16dn3u4bzmak72rgfr1k904vn","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m5q16dn3u4bzmak72rgfr1k904vn?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m5q16dn3u4bzmak72rgfr1k904vn?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m5q16dn3u4bzmak72rgfr1k904vn?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/m5q16dn3u4bzmak72rgfr1k904vn?variant=lqip",92,526,{"_154":366,"_156":367,"_158":368,"_160":345,"_161":369},93,395,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h3h02fy94wlvaid5xk71wa3v5x11","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h3h02fy94wlvaid5xk71wa3v5x11?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h3h02fy94wlvaid5xk71wa3v5x11?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/h3h02fy94wlvaid5xk71wa3v5x11?variant=lqip",38,"krystal-restaurant","Krystal Restaurant",{"_35":329,"_65":330,"_74":331},7,{"_35":436,"_65":437,"_74":438},"70 Poplar St., Atlanta, GA","Reacting to the Christmas Day, 1963 arrest of civil rights activist Lillian Gregory, at the Toddle House restaurant, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights, and Lillian’s husband, Dick Gregory staged several successful demonstrations at three of the restaurant chain’s locations in early January 1964. As a result of their efforts, 15 of the Dobbs House restaurant chains were integrated. Emboldened by their success, the group announced an “all-out drive to make Atlanta an ‘open city.’”

In early 1964, the Krystal restaurant chain was a frequent battleground for integration. On Friday, January 10, a racially mixed group of protesters, and 100 spectators entered the 126 Peachtree Street location, prompting the manager to close the restaurant after demanding that they leave. The four protesters who remained instead sang freedom songs, pounded tables, and stomped their feet—and were subsequently arrested. In an act of further defiance to injustice, they refused to provide authorities with any identification information, opting instead to give names such as “Freedom Now” and “Freedom Quick.” Four more protesters were arrested at the 976 Peachtree location.

On the following Monday, 45 protesters entered the 32 Marietta Street location and were asked to leave. When they refused, the district manager called local authorities to have them arrested. 16 protesters left and headed to the 70 Peachtree location. They were subsequently arrested and charged with violating the Georgia anti-trespass law. These cases were sent to a grand jury where the constitutionality of the law could be questioned.

The largest and perhaps the most impassioned of these demonstrations took place at the 32 Marietta Street location on the evening of Saturday, January 19, 1964. Seizing the moment, John Lewis initiated the protest in order to highlight racial issues in Atlanta while Morris Abram, a United Nations dignitary, surveyed race relations in the area. Ten Ku Klux Klan members, dressed in robes, sat in the restaurant hoping to intimidate the growing pro-integration crowd. As the crowd grew to over 300 singing protesters and other spectators in size, the Klan members were trapped inside of the building. The police were called, and protesters were dragged from the scene into police wagons. During the arresting melee, James Forman, the SNCC Executive Director, called to the protestors—who were attacking the vehicles—to lay under the tires of the wagons to prevent them from leaving. The episode lasted over three hours. Lewis and Forman were among the 75 protestors arrested. After the scene had been cleared of “danger,” the Klansmen left, “robes folded under their arms.”

",33.7563928,-84.3896808,[388,389,390,391],"Reacting to the Christmas Day, 1963 arrest of civil rights activist Lillian Gregory, at the Toddle House restaurant, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights, and Lillian’s husband, Dick Gregory staged several successful demonstrations at three of the restaurant chain’s locations in early January 1964. As a result of their efforts, 15 of the Dobbs House restaurant chains were integrated. Emboldened by their success, the group announced an “all-out drive to make Atlanta an ‘open city.’”In early 1964, the Krystal restaurant chain was a frequent battleground for integration. On Friday, January 10, a racially mixed group of protesters, and 100 spectators entered the 126 Peachtree Street location, prompting the manager to close the restaurant after demanding that they leave. The four protesters who remained instead sang freedom songs, pounded tables, and stomped their feet—and were subsequently arrested. In an act of further defiance to injustice, they refused to provide authorities with any identification information, opting instead to give names such as “Freedom Now” and “Freedom Quick.” Four more protesters were arrested at the 976 Peachtree location. On the following Monday, 45 protesters entered the 32 Marietta Street location and were asked to leave. When they refused, the district manager called local authorities to have them arrested. 16 protesters left and headed to the 70 Peachtree location. They were subsequently arrested and charged with violating the Georgia anti-trespass law. These cases were sent to a grand jury where the constitutionality of the law could be questioned. The largest and perhaps the most impassioned of these demonstrations took place at the 32 Marietta Street location on the evening of Saturday, January 19, 1964. Seizing the moment, John Lewis initiated the protest in order to highlight racial issues in Atlanta while Morris Abram, a United Nations dignitary, surveyed race relations in the area. Ten Ku Klux Klan members, dressed in robes, sat in the restaurant hoping to intimidate the growing pro-integration crowd. As the crowd grew to over 300 singing protesters and other spectators in size, the Klan members were trapped inside of the building. The police were called, and protesters were dragged from the scene into police wagons. During the arresting melee, James Forman, the SNCC Executive Director, called to the protestors—who were attacking the vehicles—to lay under the tires of the wagons to prevent them from leaving. The episode lasted over three hours. Lewis and Forman were among the 75 protestors arrested. After the scene had been cleared of “danger,” the Klansmen left, “robes folded under their arms.” ",[371],{"_74":385,"_131":386,"_132":387},[],"Krystal restaurant, Peachtree & Carnegie, 1955","Photo Credit: Tracy O'Neal Photographic Collection, 1923-1975, Photographic Collection. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/oneal/id/8819","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s3fqmcce9mlkcn6jne2jphs9ff80?variant=desktop",{"_103":427,"_100":24,"_131":386,"_136":428,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":429,"_142":430,"_35":416,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":429,"_149":150,"_151":431,"_74":385,"_153":48},{"_103":416,"_100":24,"_131":417,"_136":394,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":418,"_142":419,"_35":404,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":418,"_149":150,"_151":420,"_74":421,"_153":48},{"_103":404,"_100":213,"_131":405,"_136":406,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":407,"_142":408,"_35":392,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":407,"_149":150,"_151":409,"_74":410,"_153":48},{"_103":392,"_100":258,"_131":393,"_136":394,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":395,"_142":396,"_35":349,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":395,"_149":150,"_151":397,"_74":398,"_153":48},108,"Tracy O'Neal Photographic Collection, 1923-1975, Photographic Collection. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/oneal/id/659",533,"Krystal_Restaurant_3385_Memorial_Drive_grill.jpg",{"_154":399,"_156":400,"_158":401,"_160":402,"_161":403},400,"Krystal Restaurant 3385 Memorial Drive grill, 1962.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qwturdw3fevu3sop4u4582nzdjic","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qwturdw3fevu3sop4u4582nzdjic?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qwturdw3fevu3sop4u4582nzdjic?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qwturdw3fevu3sop4u4582nzdjic?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qwturdw3fevu3sop4u4582nzdjic?variant=lqip",107,"Photo Credit: Tracy O'Neal Photographic Collection, 1923-1975, Photographic Collection. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/oneal/id/756",380,"Krystal_Restaurant_Peachtree_Street_and_7th_Street_exterior.jpg",{"_154":411,"_156":412,"_158":413,"_160":414,"_161":415},285,"Krystal Restaurant Peachtree Street and 7th Street, 1964.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/cl5k32rgsfel18f8h44q6b5wwxa0","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/cl5k32rgsfel18f8h44q6b5wwxa0?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/cl5k32rgsfel18f8h44q6b5wwxa0?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/cl5k32rgsfel18f8h44q6b5wwxa0?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/cl5k32rgsfel18f8h44q6b5wwxa0?variant=lqip",106,"Photo Credit: Tracy O'Neal Photographic Collection, 1923-1975, Photographic Collection. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/oneal/id/9087","Krystal_restaurant_1958__1_.jpg",{"_154":422,"_156":423,"_158":424,"_160":425,"_161":426},399,"Krystal restaurant 1958","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/xvqk9w3f8tuhl56udeih1d5g7oby","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/xvqk9w3f8tuhl56udeih1d5g7oby?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/xvqk9w3f8tuhl56udeih1d5g7oby?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/xvqk9w3f8tuhl56udeih1d5g7oby?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/xvqk9w3f8tuhl56udeih1d5g7oby?variant=lqip",105,529,"Krystal_restaurant_1955.jpg",{"_154":432,"_156":433,"_158":434,"_160":387,"_161":435},396,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s3fqmcce9mlkcn6jne2jphs9ff80","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s3fqmcce9mlkcn6jne2jphs9ff80?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s3fqmcce9mlkcn6jne2jphs9ff80?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s3fqmcce9mlkcn6jne2jphs9ff80?variant=lqip",37,"ship-ahoy","Ship Ahoy",{"_35":370,"_65":371,"_74":372},6,{"_35":488,"_65":489,"_74":490},"95 Luckie St., Atlanta, GA","While strolling down Luckie Street in the 1960s, at #95 you could find Ship Ahoy, a popular eatery once touted as “Atlanta’s Most Beautiful Restaurant.” Due to Ship Ahoy’s popularity, it became a target of the sit-in movement on Thursday, May 23, 1963. Reverend Bryan Jones, black students Carl Cleveland and Allen R. Elliot, and white Emory students Clifford Endress, Janet Nance Auremann, Janice Melita Mohr, and James W. Anthony chose the exclusive, well-known restaurant as a location for demonstration in the ongoing fight for equal access to space.

According to an article from The Atlanta Constitution, Reverend Bryan Jones and a white student entered the restaurant first, with no problems. Then the second group of students, which included Carl Cleveland and Allen Elliot, arrived and were stopped in the restaurant’s foyer. When this occurred, the Jones party sat on the floor of the restaurant, refusing to move when asked by a Ship Ahoy employee. Police took all 7 involved in the demonstration into custody, though the specific charges against them are still unclear. Trials in municipal court were scheduled for the 7 demonstrators the following day. It is not explicitly stated who was released and when, though Janice Mohr’s name is mentioned in an Atlanta Constitution article from August of 1963 as awaiting trial for multiple sit-in arrests. Reverend Bryan Jones was also arrested again and sentenced to 30 days in June of 1963 for participating in further demonstrations.

",33.7575469,-84.3897905,[452,453,454],"While strolling down Luckie Street in the 1960s, at #95 you could find Ship Ahoy, a popular eatery once touted as “Atlanta’s Most Beautiful Restaurant.” Due to Ship Ahoy’s popularity, it became a target of the sit-in movement on Thursday, May 23, 1963. Reverend Bryan Jones, black students Carl Cleveland and Allen R. Elliot, and white Emory students Clifford Endress, Janet Nance Auremann, Janice Melita Mohr, and James W. Anthony chose the exclusive, well-known restaurant as a location for demonstration in the ongoing fight for equal access to space. According to an article from The Atlanta Constitution, Reverend Bryan Jones and a white student entered the restaurant first, with no problems. Then the second group of students, which included Carl Cleveland and Allen Elliot, arrived and were stopped in the restaurant’s foyer. When this occurred, the Jones party sat on the floor of the restaurant, refusing to move when asked by a Ship Ahoy employee. Police took all 7 involved in the demonstration into custody, though the specific charges against them are still unclear. Trials in municipal court were scheduled for the 7 demonstrators the following day. It is not explicitly stated who was released and when, though Janice Mohr’s name is mentioned in an Atlanta Constitution article from August of 1963 as awaiting trial for multiple sit-in arrests. Reverend Bryan Jones was also arrested again and sentenced to 30 days in June of 1963 for participating in further demonstrations.",[437],{"_74":438,"_131":48,"_132":451},[],"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/rpwx7x1k9xh60wh255xevhwg1oqb?variant=desktop",{"_103":479,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":480,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":481,"_142":482,"_35":467,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":481,"_149":150,"_151":483,"_74":438,"_153":48},{"_103":467,"_100":213,"_131":48,"_136":468,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":469,"_142":470,"_35":471,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":469,"_149":150,"_151":472,"_74":473,"_153":48},{"_103":455,"_100":258,"_131":48,"_136":456,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":457,"_142":458,"_35":459,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":457,"_149":150,"_151":460,"_74":461,"_153":48},84,633,"ShipAhoy2.jpg",{"_154":462,"_156":463,"_158":464,"_160":465,"_161":466},85,475,"Ship Ahoy postcard","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/p3hyoivesr5vv3n8uc16xwwfbc9e","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/p3hyoivesr5vv3n8uc16xwwfbc9e?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/p3hyoivesr5vv3n8uc16xwwfbc9e?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/p3hyoivesr5vv3n8uc16xwwfbc9e?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/p3hyoivesr5vv3n8uc16xwwfbc9e?variant=lqip",81,463,"ShipAhoy3.jpg",{"_154":474,"_156":475,"_158":476,"_160":477,"_161":478},82,348,"Ship Ahoy advertisement","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/oulovicqg5foa7931fvmc4n9p39j","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/oulovicqg5foa7931fvmc4n9p39j?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/oulovicqg5foa7931fvmc4n9p39j?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/oulovicqg5foa7931fvmc4n9p39j?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/oulovicqg5foa7931fvmc4n9p39j?variant=lqip",80,519,"ShipAhoy1.jpg",{"_154":484,"_156":485,"_158":486,"_160":451,"_161":487},390,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/rpwx7x1k9xh60wh255xevhwg1oqb","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/rpwx7x1k9xh60wh255xevhwg1oqb?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/rpwx7x1k9xh60wh255xevhwg1oqb?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/rpwx7x1k9xh60wh255xevhwg1oqb?variant=lqip",36,"leb-s-restaurant","Leb's Restaurant",{"_35":436,"_65":437,"_74":438},{"_35":541,"_65":542,"_74":543},"Helen M. Aderhold, 60 Luckie St NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","Although voluntary integration proposals were in order by 1963, few places of business were fully integrated. To force the issue, student activists from the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights unsuccessfully attempted to receive service from Leb’s and six other restaurants in the Downtown area in the Spring of 1963. By the fall, recognizing the failure of voluntary integration, the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights and other local civil rights groups formed the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference and devised the Action for Democracy plan, with the ultimate goal of the total desegregation of Atlanta. This plan escalated the intensity and frequency of the protests, especially here at Leb’s Restaurant.

The restaurant was opened in 1949 by Charles Lebedin, a restaurateur who owned and operated several restaurants in Atlanta. Lebedin was not a stranger to the press after his refusal to serve Harry Belafonte twice at the King’s Inn Restaurant in 1962, and a violent arrest of a student protester at Leb’s in 1963. He opposed integration on the grounds that it would cause his business “to go broke,” since other restaurants in the area remained segregated. He did this while espousing his understanding of the unfairness of discrimination -- a result of his own experiences as a Russian Jewish immigrant.

Several sit-in and picketing protests focused on the restaurant. Protesters faced increasingly violent reprisals from white patrons and police. One of the most transformational of these sit-ins at Leb’s took place on Monday, January 27, 1964. SNCC chairman John Lewis and CAHR co-chairman Larry Fox led an eight-hour long mass demonstration, which attracted over 1,000 spectators. The protest commenced in the late afternoon and saw 50 black and white student protesters arrested on disturbing the peace charges early in the evening, and at least 50 more—including Lewis, Fox, and acclaimed comedian Dick Gregory—by the end of the night, after a second picket protest. Wait staff from Leb’s counter-protested, promoting the restaurant and the “freedom to earn a living.” Fearing escalation, in the context of rising anti-integration violence and media attention, the Atlanta Police Department declared a state of emergency.

The intensity of the protest was felt outside of the city limits. According to the Atlanta Constitution, Attorney James R. Venable of Stone Mountain threatened Mayor Allen with the Ku Klux Klan if order was not restored in 48 hours. Despite the threat, regular sit-in protests and arrests at this establishment would continue through 1964.

",33.7566095,-84.3890993,[505,506,507],"Although voluntary integration proposals were in order by 1963, few places of business were fully integrated. To force the issue, student activists from the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights unsuccessfully attempted to receive service from Leb’s and six other restaurants in the Downtown area in the Spring of 1963. By the fall, recognizing the failure of voluntary integration, the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights and other local civil rights groups formed the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference and devised the Action for Democracy plan, with the ultimate goal of the total desegregation of Atlanta. This plan escalated the intensity and frequency of the protests, especially here at Leb’s Restaurant. The restaurant was opened in 1949 by Charles Lebedin, a restaurateur who owned and operated several restaurants in Atlanta. Lebedin was not a stranger to the press after his refusal to serve Harry Belafonte twice at the King’s Inn Restaurant in 1962, and a violent arrest of a student protester at Leb’s in 1963. He opposed integration on the grounds that it would cause his business “to go broke,” since other restaurants in the area remained segregated. He did this while espousing his understanding of the unfairness of discrimination -- a result of his own experiences as a Russian Jewish immigrant. Several sit-in and picketing protests focused on the restaurant. Protesters faced increasingly violent reprisals from white patrons and police. One of the most transformational of these sit-ins at Leb’s took place on Monday, January 27, 1964. SNCC chairman John Lewis and CAHR co-chairman Larry Fox led an eight-hour long mass demonstration, which attracted over 1,000 spectators. The protest commenced in the late afternoon and saw 50 black and white student protesters arrested on disturbing the peace charges early in the evening, and at least 50 more—including Lewis, Fox, and acclaimed comedian Dick Gregory—by the end of the night, after a second picket protest. Wait staff from Leb’s counter-protested, promoting the restaurant and the “freedom to earn a living.” Fearing escalation, in the context of rising anti-integration violence and media attention, the Atlanta Police Department declared a state of emergency. The intensity of the protest was felt outside of the city limits. According to the Atlanta Constitution, Attorney James R. Venable of Stone Mountain threatened Mayor Allen with the Ku Klux Klan if order was not restored in 48 hours. Despite the threat, regular sit-in protests and arrests at this establishment would continue through 1964.",[489],{"_74":502,"_131":503,"_132":504},[],"Leb's Restaurant Forsyth and Luckie Street 1951","Leb's Restaurant Forsyth and Luckie Street, 1951. \nPhoto Credit: Lane Brothers Photographic Collection, GSU Library, http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/lane/id/2565 ","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aodryoh2kmiicmyh7mm8j4hk4tff?variant=desktop",{"_103":532,"_100":213,"_131":503,"_136":533,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":534,"_142":535,"_35":520,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":534,"_149":150,"_151":536,"_74":502,"_153":48},{"_103":520,"_100":213,"_131":521,"_136":522,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":523,"_142":524,"_35":508,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":523,"_149":150,"_151":525,"_74":526,"_153":48},{"_103":508,"_100":258,"_131":509,"_136":510,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":511,"_142":512,"_35":427,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":511,"_149":150,"_151":513,"_74":514,"_153":48},104,"Photo Credit: Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archive. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/4567",332,"download.jpg",{"_154":515,"_156":516,"_158":517,"_160":518,"_161":519},249,"Ku Klux Klan member picketing outside of Leb's Restaurant, while African-American students demonstrate across the street, Atlanta, Georgia, February 3, 1964.","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/amg7if22ez93sz0p9jkgu7if3k53","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/amg7if22ez93sz0p9jkgu7if3k53?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/amg7if22ez93sz0p9jkgu7if3k53?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/amg7if22ez93sz0p9jkgu7if3k53?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/amg7if22ez93sz0p9jkgu7if3k53?variant=lqip",103,"Photo Credit: Tracy O'Neal Photographic Collection, Special Collections and Archives GSU Library. http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/oneal/id/8761",498,"Lebs_Restaurant_Atlanta_1966__1_.jpg",{"_154":527,"_156":528,"_158":529,"_160":530,"_161":531},374,"Leb's Restaurant Atlanta, 1966","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2zatf7bjj1so8k3uoqko4y1br8pa","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2zatf7bjj1so8k3uoqko4y1br8pa?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2zatf7bjj1so8k3uoqko4y1br8pa?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2zatf7bjj1so8k3uoqko4y1br8pa?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2zatf7bjj1so8k3uoqko4y1br8pa?variant=lqip",102,503,"Lebs_Restaurant_Forsyth_and_Luckie_Street.png",{"_154":537,"_156":538,"_158":539,"_160":504,"_161":540},377,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aodryoh2kmiicmyh7mm8j4hk4tff","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aodryoh2kmiicmyh7mm8j4hk4tff?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aodryoh2kmiicmyh7mm8j4hk4tff?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/aodryoh2kmiicmyh7mm8j4hk4tff?variant=lqip",35,"hurt-park-student-movement-sign","Hurt Park: Student Movement Sign",{"_35":488,"_65":489,"_74":490},4,{"_35":570,"_65":18,"_74":571},"100 Edgewood Ave NE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","
The sit-in movement in Atlanta was, at its heart, a student movement. Students from the Atlanta University Center—made up of Spelman, Morehouse, Clark, Morris Brown, Atlanta University, and the Interdenominational Theological Center—came together to issue their 1960 manifesto “An Appeal For Human Rights,” which they inserted into Atlanta newspapers as advertisements. In it, they stated, “we must say in all candor that we plan to use every legal and non-violent means at our disposal to secure full citizenship rights as members of this great democracy of ours.” They addressed seven major areas in which they saw inequality as a pressing issue: “education, job, housing, voting, law enforcement, and movies, concerts, and restaurants,” and they praised the national student movements that were making progress fighting for civil and equal rights. The appeal hinted at the strength and organization of this group, but did not lay out specific plans for implementation.

While the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution had concerns about the students’ methods, Atlanta Daily World called on “[e]very right-thinking Atlantan, who has rejoiced in the progressive banner which our city so proudly hails should . . . grasp the appeal with an open mind.” The sit-ins started just days later. Dr. Martin Luther King, Junior, supported the students’ work and was arrested because of it. Dr. King's arrest helped to draw more publicity to the students’ cause, but he stated to the public he was participating as a \"follower not a leader\" and praised the students for their creativity and hard work. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed soon after, in April of 1960, and went on to be one of the leading organizations in the sit-ins and the Civil Rights movement as a whole. SNCC gave Atlanta Congressman John Lewis, who has been fighting tirelessly for equality since his youth in the student movement.
",33.7544574,-84.3857799,[559],"The sit-in movement in Atlanta was, at its heart, a student movement. Students from the Atlanta University Center—made up of Spelman, Morehouse, Clark, Morris Brown, Atlanta University, and the Interdenominational Theological Center—came together to issue their 1960 manifesto “An Appeal For Human Rights,” which they inserted into Atlanta newspapers as advertisements. In it, they stated, “we must say in all candor that we plan to use every legal and non-violent means at our disposal to secure full citizenship rights as members of this great democracy of ours.” They addressed seven major areas in which they saw inequality as a pressing issue: “education, job, housing, voting, law enforcement, and movies, concerts, and restaurants,” and they praised the national student movements that were making progress fighting for civil and equal rights. The appeal hinted at the strength and organization of this group, but did not lay out specific plans for implementation. While the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution had concerns about the students’ methods, Atlanta Daily World called on “[e]very right-thinking Atlantan, who has rejoiced in the progressive banner which our city so proudly hails should . . . grasp the appeal with an open mind.” The sit-ins started just days later. Dr. Martin Luther King, Junior, supported the students’ work and was arrested because of it. Dr. King's arrest helped to draw more publicity to the students’ cause, but he stated to the public he was participating as a \"follower not a leader\" and praised the students for their creativity and hard work. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed soon after, in April of 1960, and went on to be one of the leading organizations in the sit-ins and the Civil Rights movement as a whole. SNCC gave Atlanta Congressman John Lewis, who has been fighting tirelessly for equality since his youth in the student movement.",[542],{"_74":556,"_131":557,"_132":558},[],"John Louis Arrested","photo credit: Atlanta Journal-Constitution, https://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/lewis.html ","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4dnmsah77yane1dv7br8xfe5koyl?variant=desktop",{"_103":560,"_100":24,"_131":557,"_136":561,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":562,"_142":563,"_35":564,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":562,"_149":150,"_151":565,"_74":556,"_153":48},114,418,"Louis_Arrested.jpg",{"_154":566,"_156":567,"_158":568,"_160":558,"_161":569},116,313,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4dnmsah77yane1dv7br8xfe5koyl","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4dnmsah77yane1dv7br8xfe5koyl?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4dnmsah77yane1dv7br8xfe5koyl?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4dnmsah77yane1dv7br8xfe5koyl?variant=lqip",34,"Atlanta Municipal Auditorium",{"_35":541,"_65":542,"_74":543},{"_35":617,"_65":618,"_74":619},"Sparks Hall, 33 Gilmer St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","Georgia State University’s Dahlberg Hall was once the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium, colloquially known as the “City Auditorium,” prior to its purchase from the City of Atlanta in 1980. The building had opened in 1909 and functioned as a multipurpose public meeting space in the 71 years it belonged to the City of Atlanta. It notably hosting the 53rd annual NAACP convention in 1962 that coincided with the sit-in movement, which was growing in popularity among young people at the time. Sit-ins and other nonviolent direct action protests were widely-debated and divisive topics in the black community. Robert L. Carter, then general counsel of the NAACP, declared—despite contentions—that direct action protests such as sit-ins should be wielded as effective tactics to fight against segregation, saying, “Litigation alone does not suffice. Thus, use of the law must be simply a part of an NAACP total program—geared to and coordinated with other programmatic activity.”

Carter pointed to the nation’s slow progress towards complying with the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education school desegregation decision as evidence that not only legal, but tactical battles were necessary to reach NAACP goals. According to John Britton, a columnist for the Atlanta Daily World newspaper, Carter’s words held significance. Never before had the NAACP focused on tactical battles. In early July of 1962, in Atlanta’s City Auditorium, the NAACP’s focus shifted from solely legal efforts to coordinated legal and tactical ones, setting the stage for the surge of nonviolent direct action protests to come.

",33.7534772,-84.385302,[586,587,588],"Georgia State University’s Dahlberg Hall was once the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium, colloquially known as the “City Auditorium,” prior to its purchase from the City of Atlanta in 1980. The building had opened in 1909 and functioned as a multipurpose public meeting space in the 71 years it belonged to the City of Atlanta. It notably hosting the 53rd annual NAACP convention in 1962 that coincided with the sit-in movement, which was growing in popularity among young people at the time. Sit-ins and other nonviolent direct action protests were widely-debated and divisive topics in the black community. Robert L. Carter, then general counsel of the NAACP, declared—despite contentions—that direct action protests such as sit-ins should be wielded as effective tactics to fight against segregation, saying, “Litigation alone does not suffice. Thus, use of the law must be simply a part of an NAACP total program—geared to and coordinated with other programmatic activity.”Carter pointed to the nation’s slow progress towards complying with the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education school desegregation decision as evidence that not only legal, but tactical battles were necessary to reach NAACP goals. According to John Britton, a columnist for the Atlanta Daily World newspaper, Carter’s words held significance. Never before had the NAACP focused on tactical battles. In early July of 1962, in Atlanta’s City Auditorium, the NAACP’s focus shifted from solely legal efforts to coordinated legal and tactical ones, setting the stage for the surge of nonviolent direct action protests to come. ",[585,18],{"_74":583,"_131":48,"_132":584},[],"Atlanta Municipal Auditorium 2.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/q0f9givl9vwrhj6wnnjf0zn7p4ap?variant=desktop","3-atlanta-municipal-auditorium",{"_103":609,"_100":213,"_131":48,"_136":610,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":611,"_142":612,"_35":599,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":611,"_149":150,"_151":603,"_74":583,"_153":48},{"_103":599,"_100":258,"_131":48,"_136":600,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":601,"_142":602,"_35":589,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":601,"_149":150,"_151":603,"_74":601,"_153":48},{"_103":589,"_100":258,"_131":48,"_136":431,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":590,"_142":591,"_35":592,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":590,"_149":150,"_151":593,"_74":590,"_153":48},78,"AtlantaMunicipalAuditorium3.jpg",{"_154":594,"_156":595,"_158":596,"_160":597,"_161":598},79,297,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wbcs7cx24lgf70oxfy3qk0fg8kfa","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wbcs7cx24lgf70oxfy3qk0fg8kfa?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wbcs7cx24lgf70oxfy3qk0fg8kfa?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wbcs7cx24lgf70oxfy3qk0fg8kfa?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wbcs7cx24lgf70oxfy3qk0fg8kfa?variant=lqip",77,542,"Atlanta_Municipal_Auditorium1.jpg",{"_154":604,"_156":605,"_158":606,"_160":607,"_161":608},406,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ve11gw1yr0lrur4suwnmoxjsdjv4","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ve11gw1yr0lrur4suwnmoxjsdjv4?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ve11gw1yr0lrur4suwnmoxjsdjv4?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ve11gw1yr0lrur4suwnmoxjsdjv4?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/ve11gw1yr0lrur4suwnmoxjsdjv4?variant=lqip",76,541,"Atlanta_Municipal_Auditorium_2.jpg",{"_154":613,"_156":614,"_158":615,"_160":584,"_161":616},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/q0f9givl9vwrhj6wnnjf0zn7p4ap","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/q0f9givl9vwrhj6wnnjf0zn7p4ap?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/q0f9givl9vwrhj6wnnjf0zn7p4ap?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/q0f9givl9vwrhj6wnnjf0zn7p4ap?variant=lqip",33,"atlanta-daily-world","Atlanta Daily World",{"_35":570,"_65":18,"_74":571},{"_35":631,"_65":632,"_74":633},"145 Auburn Ave NE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","The weekly Atlanta World was founded on August 5, 1928, by a Morehouse graduate William Alexander Scott II. Atlanta World is viewed as the first successful African American newspaper in the United States. In the first issue, Scott stated that \"The publishers of The Atlanta World have felt the need of a Southern Negro Newspaper, published by Southern Negroes, to be read by Southern Negroes.\" The paper was launched solely as a business venture, not as a political venture. As a result of the business venture, the paper was able to secure both local and national advertisements from black and white businesses, including Coca-Cola, Sears, Roebuck & Company, and Rich's, the largest department store in Atlanta. The Daily World became a daily newspaper on March 13, 1932. Its offices were on 145 “Sweet Auburn” Avenue, which was celebrated as the mecca of black businesses, along with black religious and social communities. As a daily paper, it was set apart from other black newspapers, the majority of which were published as weeklies. This new format allowed for more timely news coverage. The Atlanta Daily World was one of the first newspapers to report on \"black on black\" crimes. The paper also encouraged African Americans to patronize black-owned businesses (including the \"Don't Buy Where You Can't Work\" campaign).

In the 1960s, hundreds of sit-ins led by students erupted in Atlanta and throughout the south. The Daily World was criticized for not supporting the sit-ins staged at several white-owned restaurants in downtown Atlanta. Scott reasoned that African Americans would more effectively improve their situation by working towards ending segregation in education, obtaining political and voting influence, and improving their economic situations rather than engaging in this form of protest. The paper began to publish arrest and court proceedings. Sit-ins were deemed more confrontational than court cases. Scott’s editorial decisions often were made to avoid losing the support of white advertisers. During this era, papers were written to discourage students from participating in sit-ins, including those at Rich’s Department Store. Instead, the papers encouraged students to resolve civil rights abuses “at the ballot box, conference table, and in the courts of law.”

",33.7554373,-84.3827972,[],"The weekly Atlanta World was founded on August 5, 1928, by a Morehouse graduate William Alexander Scott II. Atlanta World is viewed as the first successful African American newspaper in the United States. In the first issue, Scott stated that \"The publishers of The Atlanta World have felt the need of a Southern Negro Newspaper, published by Southern Negroes, to be read by Southern Negroes.\" The paper was launched solely as a business venture, not as a political venture. As a result of the business venture, the paper was able to secure both local and national advertisements from black and white businesses, including Coca-Cola, Sears, Roebuck & Company, and Rich's, the largest department store in Atlanta. The Daily World became a daily newspaper on March 13, 1932. Its offices were on 145 “Sweet Auburn” Avenue, which was celebrated as the mecca of black businesses, along with black religious and social communities. As a daily paper, it was set apart from other black newspapers, the majority of which were published as weeklies. This new format allowed for more timely news coverage. The Atlanta Daily World was one of the first newspapers to report on \"black on black\" crimes. The paper also encouraged African Americans to patronize black-owned businesses (including the \"Don't Buy Where You Can't Work\" campaign).In the 1960s, hundreds of sit-ins led by students erupted in Atlanta and throughout the south. The Daily World was criticized for not supporting the sit-ins staged at several white-owned restaurants in downtown Atlanta. Scott reasoned that African Americans would more effectively improve their situation by working towards ending segregation in education, obtaining political and voting influence, and improving their economic situations rather than engaging in this form of protest. The paper began to publish arrest and court proceedings. Sit-ins were deemed more confrontational than court cases. Scott’s editorial decisions often were made to avoid losing the support of white advertisers. During this era, papers were written to discourage students from participating in sit-ins, including those at Rich’s Department Store. Instead, the papers encouraged students to resolve civil rights abuses “at the ballot box, conference table, and in the courts of law.”",[630,618],[],"2-atlanta-daily-world",32,"big-bethel-ame-church","Big Bethel AME Church",{"_35":617,"_65":618,"_74":619},"220 Auburn Ave NE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA","Big Bethel, which was built in 1847, was one of the first African Methodist Episcopal churches in Georgia. Throughout the city’s history, Atlanta’s black clerical leaders were vital advocates for their community, and in the era of Civil Rights they were instrumental in building mass support for desegregation. Churches like Big Bethel that belonged to a nation-wide denomination like African Methodist Episcopalianism were already part of a network for bringing activist ministers from outside the city into their struggle, but in 1957 Martin Luther King, Junior, held a summit at Ebenezer Baptist Church (just 5 blocks east of Big Bethel) to form an organization specifically devoted to rallying Christian moral support for desegregation. This summit was originally called the Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration, as a response to the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, but eventually, the name was changed to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as they adopted a wider platform of racial equality. SCLC framed the cause of integration in highly religious terms and gave those participating in sit-ins and other demonstrations a broad base of moral legitimacy, drawing sympathy and support from Christians across the country.

The demands for justice from Atlanta’s black church leaders were building for decades before joining forces in an uneasy alliance with radical students from Atlanta’s historically black colleges. Together they launched a campaign of direct action to occupy segregated public spaces beginning in March, 1960. The main focus of these demonstrations were restaurants and retail locations, but churches also became a powerful site of resistance to segregation, with several sit-ins taking place in “whites-only” churches. These demonstrations, in particular, illustrated that the issue of segregation extended to all levels of Southern society, reminding white Atlantans that their institutions of spirituality were also complicit in the system of apartheid separating their public spaces.
",33.7556973,-84.3804744,[646,647],"Big Bethel, which was built in 1847, was one of the first African Methodist Episcopal churches in Georgia. Throughout the city’s history, Atlanta’s black clerical leaders were vital advocates for their community, and in the era of Civil Rights they were instrumental in building mass support for desegregation. Churches like Big Bethel that belonged to a nation-wide denomination like African Methodist Episcopalianism were already part of a network for bringing activist ministers from outside the city into their struggle, but in 1957 Martin Luther King, Junior, held a summit at Ebenezer Baptist Church (just 5 blocks east of Big Bethel) to form an organization specifically devoted to rallying Christian moral support for desegregation. This summit was originally called the Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration, as a response to the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, but eventually, the name was changed to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as they adopted a wider platform of racial equality. SCLC framed the cause of integration in highly religious terms and gave those participating in sit-ins and other demonstrations a broad base of moral legitimacy, drawing sympathy and support from Christians across the country. The demands for justice from Atlanta’s black church leaders were building for decades before joining forces in an uneasy alliance with radical students from Atlanta’s historically black colleges. Together they launched a campaign of direct action to occupy segregated public spaces beginning in March, 1960. The main focus of these demonstrations were restaurants and retail locations, but churches also became a powerful site of resistance to segregation, with several sit-ins taking place in “whites-only” churches. These demonstrations, in particular, illustrated that the issue of segregation extended to all levels of Southern society, reminding white Atlantans that their institutions of spirituality were also complicit in the system of apartheid separating their public spaces. ",[632],{"_74":644,"_131":48,"_132":645},[],"Big Bethel","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wcm8qoomtg1ujmsfkzpdb0oq8o52?variant=desktop",{"_103":564,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":659,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":660,"_142":661,"_35":662,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":660,"_149":150,"_151":663,"_74":644,"_153":48},{"_103":144,"_100":24,"_131":48,"_136":648,"_138":-5,"_139":48,"_140":649,"_142":650,"_35":651,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":649,"_149":150,"_151":652,"_74":653,"_153":48},260,"big_bethel_front.jpg",{"_154":654,"_156":655,"_158":656,"_160":657,"_161":658},119,195,"Big Bethel front","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/np020mgi4244wx9vilejkkcjf3yq","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/np020mgi4244wx9vilejkkcjf3yq?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/np020mgi4244wx9vilejkkcjf3yq?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/np020mgi4244wx9vilejkkcjf3yq?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/np020mgi4244wx9vilejkkcjf3yq?variant=lqip",287,"Big_Bethel.jpg",{"_154":664,"_156":665,"_158":666,"_160":645,"_161":667},118,215,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wcm8qoomtg1ujmsfkzpdb0oq8o52","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wcm8qoomtg1ujmsfkzpdb0oq8o52?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wcm8qoomtg1ujmsfkzpdb0oq8o52?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/wcm8qoomtg1ujmsfkzpdb0oq8o52?variant=lqip","December, 1963 Toddle House Sit-In, Atlanta, GA","Photo Credit: Danny Lyon, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. 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