[{"_1":2,"_3":-5,"_4":-5},"loaderData",{"_5":6,"_7":8},"actionData","errors","root",{"_509":510,"_511":512},"routes/tour",{"_9":10,"_11":12,"_13":14,"_15":16,"_17":18},"tenant","gsu-walking-tours","tour_set",{"_35":373,"_31":-5,"_502":-5,"_503":-5,"_504":505,"_506":-5,"_507":-5,"_508":10},"tour",{"_19":20,"_21":22,"_23":24,"_25":26,"_27":28,"_29":30,"_31":32,"_33":34,"_35":36,"_37":38,"_39":-5,"_40":-5,"_41":-5,"_42":-5,"_43":44,"_45":46,"_47":48,"_49":50,"_51":52,"_53":-5,"_54":38,"_55":56,"_57":58,"_59":26,"_60":26,"_61":48,"_62":63,"_64":16,"_65":66,"_67":68,"_69":70,"_9":10,"_71":72,"_73":74,"_75":76,"_77":78,"_79":13,"_80":81,"_82":38},"tourParam","atlanta-kneel-ins-1959-1970s","stopParam","west-hunter-baptist-church-10-17-1961","_index","otb_gsu-walking-tours_tours_production_20260910134255824","_id","8","_score",1,"blank_map",false,"bounds",{"_490":491,"_492":493,"_494":495,"_496":497,"_498":499,"_500":501},"default_lng","en-US","description","Atlanta is often referred to as the city \"too busy to hate.\" In reality, Atlanta has suffered from many racial conflicts. A prominent issue that has plagued Atlanta is segregation. Protests against segregation have taken place all over Atlanta. What might first come to mind are protests in restaurants, better known as sit-ins but there were protests in other public buildings. An overlooked protest tactic was the \"Kneel-in\" or a protest against the segregation of churches. With kneel-ins the immorality of segregation and racism was challenged. Kneel-in protests were reported the most frequently in 1960 but reports continued as far as the late 1970s -- where shifting demographics and desperation brought an interesting twist to Atlanta's desegregation. This tour covers some of the kneel-ins reported in the Atlanta Constitution and the Atlanta Daily World. Often times, details of the same incidents reported varied depending on the newspaper covering them.
","flat_pages",[],"id",8,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[483],"meta_description","Atlanta is often referred to as the city \"too busy to hate.\" In reality, Atlanta has suffered from many racial conflicts. A prominent issue that has plagued Atlanta is segregation. Protests against segregation have taken place all over Atlanta. What might first come to mind are protests in restaurants, better known as sit-ins but there were protests in other public buildings. An overlooked protest tactic was the \"Kneel-in\" or a protest against the segregation of churches. With kneel-ins the immorality of segregation and racism was challenged. Kneel-in protests were reported the most frequently in 1960 but reports continued as far as the late 1970s -- where shifting demographics and desperation brought an interesting twist to Atlanta's desegregation. This tour covers some of the kneel-ins reported in the Atlanta Constitution and the Atlanta Daily World. Often times, details of the same incidents reported varied depending on the newspaper covering them.","mode",{"_35":373,"_73":479},"modes",[475,476,477,478],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-09-10","read_duration","5 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_73":384,"_131":117,"_132":474},"slug","slugs",[16],"stop_count",13,"stops",[85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97],"tenant_title","Gsu Walking Tours","title","Atlanta Kneel-ins 1959-1970s","travel_duration","About 2 hours walking","theme",{"_35":83,"_73":84},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",5,"dark-blue",{"_98":453,"_99":24,"_100":-5,"_102":450,"_104":454,"_106":-5,"_31":455,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":450,"_112":456,"_114":457,"_41":-5,"_45":458,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":459,"_64":451,"_65":460,"_62":461,"_73":452,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":462},{"_98":424,"_99":425,"_100":426,"_102":421,"_104":427,"_106":-5,"_31":428,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":421,"_112":429,"_114":430,"_41":-5,"_45":431,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":432,"_64":422,"_65":433,"_62":434,"_73":423,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":435},{"_98":398,"_99":399,"_100":400,"_102":396,"_104":401,"_106":-5,"_31":402,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":396,"_112":403,"_114":404,"_41":-5,"_45":405,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":406,"_64":18,"_65":407,"_62":408,"_73":397,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":409},{"_98":372,"_99":373,"_100":374,"_102":369,"_104":375,"_106":-5,"_31":376,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":369,"_112":377,"_114":378,"_41":-5,"_45":379,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":380,"_64":370,"_65":381,"_62":382,"_73":371,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":383},{"_98":348,"_99":83,"_100":349,"_102":345,"_104":350,"_106":-5,"_31":351,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":345,"_112":352,"_114":353,"_41":-5,"_45":354,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":355,"_64":346,"_65":356,"_62":357,"_73":347,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":358},{"_98":320,"_99":321,"_100":322,"_102":317,"_104":323,"_106":-5,"_31":324,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":317,"_112":325,"_114":326,"_41":-5,"_45":327,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":328,"_64":318,"_65":329,"_62":330,"_73":319,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":331},{"_98":295,"_99":296,"_100":297,"_102":292,"_104":298,"_106":-5,"_31":299,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":292,"_112":300,"_114":301,"_41":-5,"_45":302,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":303,"_64":293,"_65":304,"_62":305,"_73":294,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":306},{"_98":271,"_99":36,"_100":272,"_102":268,"_104":273,"_106":-5,"_31":274,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":268,"_112":275,"_114":276,"_41":-5,"_45":277,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":278,"_64":269,"_65":279,"_62":280,"_73":270,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":281},{"_98":246,"_99":247,"_100":248,"_102":243,"_104":249,"_106":-5,"_31":250,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":243,"_112":251,"_114":252,"_41":-5,"_45":253,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":254,"_64":244,"_65":255,"_62":256,"_73":245,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":257},{"_98":218,"_99":219,"_100":220,"_102":215,"_104":221,"_106":-5,"_31":222,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":215,"_112":223,"_114":224,"_41":-5,"_45":225,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":226,"_64":216,"_65":227,"_62":228,"_73":217,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":229},{"_98":192,"_99":193,"_100":194,"_102":189,"_104":195,"_106":-5,"_31":196,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":189,"_112":197,"_114":198,"_41":-5,"_45":199,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":200,"_64":190,"_65":201,"_62":202,"_73":191,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":203},{"_98":166,"_99":167,"_100":168,"_102":163,"_104":169,"_106":-5,"_31":170,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":163,"_112":171,"_114":172,"_41":-5,"_45":173,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":174,"_64":164,"_65":175,"_62":176,"_73":165,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":177},{"_98":-5,"_99":68,"_100":101,"_102":103,"_104":105,"_106":-5,"_31":107,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_110":111,"_35":103,"_112":113,"_114":115,"_41":-5,"_45":116,"_47":117,"_118":26,"_119":-5,"_120":-5,"_54":38,"_61":121,"_64":122,"_65":123,"_62":124,"_73":125,"_79":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_80":129},"next","position","previous",{"_35":163,"_64":164,"_73":165},"relation_id",97,"address","2430 Beecher rd SW, Atlanta","article_link","

As a result of shifting racial dynamics in \"transitional neighborhoods\" white churches faced reductions in white attendance, and general disinterest from new black Christian residents.
Many white churches in these areas were forced to sell their buildings and land and merge with white churches in the suburbs or face closure outright.
This was also a denominational issue: Baptist churches, which were largely independent, did not have national organizations to rely upon for subsidies.
In a 1973 Atlanta Constitution article by Colleen Teasley, Dr. Paul Aiken, an associate pastor at Beecher Hills Baptist Church, was asked about why blacks were not joining previously segregated white churches: \"Just because after all these years we finally decided to open our doors to doesn't mean blacks want to walk through them.\"
A growing consensus among area clergy is that many blacks still held resentment against white churches that once held locked them out.
Pastors believed that black Christians thought that the new open-door policy may not be authentic.
Some pastors of white churches believed that older parishioners looked for excuses for segregation: \"They say God never intended it. Blacks are different and would be happier on their own.\"
Other pastors noticed differences in worship practices as a cause for the lack of integration.
Many Black Christians wanted to keep their religious traditions, which were developed separately from the white church.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#D32F2F","lat",33.7228032,"lng",-84.4641866,[135],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","As a result of shifting racial dynamics in \"transitional neighborhoods\" white churches faced reductions in white attendance, and general disinterest from new black Christian residents. Many white churches in these areas were forced to sell their buildings and land and merge with white churches in the suburbs or face closure outright. This was also a denominational issue: Baptist churches, which were largely independent, did not have national organizations to rely upon for subsidies. In a 1973 Atlanta Constitution article by Colleen Teasley, Dr. Paul Aiken, an associate pastor at Beecher Hills Baptist Church, was asked about why blacks were not joining previously segregated white churches: \"Just because after all these years we finally decided to open our doors to doesn't mean blacks want to walk through them.\"A growing consensus among area clergy is that many blacks still held resentment against white churches that once held locked them out. Pastors believed that black Christians thought that the new open-door policy may not be authentic. Some pastors of white churches believed that older parishioners looked for excuses for segregation: \"They say God never intended it. Blacks are different and would be happier on their own.\"Other pastors noticed differences in worship practices as a cause for the lack of integration. Many Black Christians wanted to keep their religious traditions, which were developed separately from the white church.","beecher-hills-baptist-church-12-31-1973",[134,122],{"_73":130,"_131":117,"_132":133},"Beecher Hills Baptist Church (12/31/1973)","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Beecher.png","caption","url","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/6o8hobnb15h7u2xjotyvg4obfcmy?variant=desktop","untitled",{"_102":136,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":130,"_142":143,"_35":144,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":130,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":130,"_153":117},175,"desktop_width",1500,"embed","embed_id","filename","files",{"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":159,"_160":133,"_161":162},178,"lqip_width","mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","keiner","tablet_width",750,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/6o8hobnb15h7u2xjotyvg4obfcmy","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/6o8hobnb15h7u2xjotyvg4obfcmy?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/6o8hobnb15h7u2xjotyvg4obfcmy?variant=tablet","desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/6o8hobnb15h7u2xjotyvg4obfcmy?variant=lqip",96,"gates-of-praise-church-6-23-1973","Gates of Praise Church (6/23/1973)",{"_35":103,"_64":122,"_73":125},12,{"_35":189,"_64":190,"_73":191},"119 Mayson av NE , Atlanta, GA","

Gates of Praise Church, an all-white church sold its building and its surrounding land for $500,000 to Greater Travelers Rest Baptist Church.
Gates of Praise Church was a church that was in a \"transitional neighborhood\" or a neighborhood with an increasing black residency.
The church shut down due to increasing numbers of white members leaving the church, and no black members being willing to join.
White churches in transitional neighborhoods were closing not only due to whites leaving but also due to blacks being deciding to stay within their own church.
The Gates of Praise Church merged with Abundant Life Tabernacle, located at 2778 Snapfinger Road, several miles away from the original church.

",33.7566271,-84.3383263,[180],"Gates of Praise Church, an all-white church sold its building and its surrounding land for $500,000 to Greater Travelers Rest Baptist Church. Gates of Praise Church was a church that was in a \"transitional neighborhood\" or a neighborhood with an increasing black residency. The church shut down due to increasing numbers of white members leaving the church, and no black members being willing to join. White churches in transitional neighborhoods were closing not only due to whites leaving but also due to blacks being deciding to stay within their own church. The Gates of Praise Church merged with Abundant Life Tabernacle, located at 2778 Snapfinger Road, several miles away from the original church. ",[134,164],{"_73":178,"_131":117,"_132":179},[],"Screen Shot 2019-12-01 at 12.24.27 AM.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4d4bucs6rvx1noj3xc943gj2buuu?variant=desktop",{"_102":181,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":182,"_142":183,"_35":184,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":182,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":178,"_153":117},174,"Screen_Shot_2019-12-01_at_12.24.27_AM.png",{"_154":185,"_156":186,"_158":187,"_160":179,"_161":188},177,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4d4bucs6rvx1noj3xc943gj2buuu","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4d4bucs6rvx1noj3xc943gj2buuu?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4d4bucs6rvx1noj3xc943gj2buuu?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/4d4bucs6rvx1noj3xc943gj2buuu?variant=lqip",95,"druid-hills-methodist-church-8-7-1960","Druid Hills Methodist Church (8/7/1960)",{"_35":163,"_64":164,"_73":165},11,{"_35":215,"_64":216,"_73":217},"1200 Ponce de Leon av NE, Atlanta, GA","

25 African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at Local Churches in the city of Atlanta, with the hope that the mass coordinated demonstration would lead to an expansion of the Kneel-Ins movement.
Lonnie C. King, chairman of the biracial Committee on Appeal for Human Rights praised the students for participating in these kneel-ins across several churches. As their goal was to demonstrate protest against church segregation.
Lonnie C. King praised the churches' \"courtesy\" extended to students participating in these protests.
Although they were rejected by Druid Hills Church and First Baptist Church. Despite availability, protesters were not offered seats on the main floors by both Baptist churches.

",33.7746312,-84.3481662,[206],"25 African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at Local Churches in the city of Atlanta, with the hope that the mass coordinated demonstration would lead to an expansion of the Kneel-Ins movement. Lonnie C. King, chairman of the biracial Committee on Appeal for Human Rights praised the students for participating in these kneel-ins across several churches. As their goal was to demonstrate protest against church segregation. Lonnie C. King praised the churches' \"courtesy\" extended to students participating in these protests. Although they were rejected by Druid Hills Church and First Baptist Church. Despite availability, protesters were not offered seats on the main floors by both Baptist churches.",[134,190],{"_73":204,"_131":117,"_132":205},[],"Druid Hills.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgrlhqu9f5vzoqaclmek9e0t9nmq?variant=desktop",{"_102":207,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":208,"_142":209,"_35":210,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":208,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":204,"_153":117},173,"Druid_Hills.png",{"_154":211,"_156":212,"_158":213,"_160":205,"_161":214},176,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgrlhqu9f5vzoqaclmek9e0t9nmq","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgrlhqu9f5vzoqaclmek9e0t9nmq?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgrlhqu9f5vzoqaclmek9e0t9nmq?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zgrlhqu9f5vzoqaclmek9e0t9nmq?variant=lqip",94,"westminster-presbyterian-church-8-21-1960","Westminster Presbyterian Church (8/21/1960)",{"_35":189,"_64":190,"_73":191},10,{"_35":243,"_64":244,"_73":245},"493 Ponce de Leon av NE, Atlanta, GA","

Westminster Presbyterian Church was one of the three churches where African Americans staged \"kneel-ins\" attempts in at least three Atlanta Churches on August 21, 1960.
The minister, Dr. John Richardson told four African Americans that the church was not yet integrated and that they could not attend. He asked them to attend one of the \"Manifesto Churches.\"
Four African Americans were not allowed to enter the church and participate in a kneel-in.

",33.7736385,-84.3709999,[232],"Westminster Presbyterian Church was one of the three churches where African Americans staged \"kneel-ins\" attempts in at least three Atlanta Churches on August 21, 1960.The minister, Dr. John Richardson told four African Americans that the church was not yet integrated and that they could not attend. He asked them to attend one of the \"Manifesto Churches.\"Four African Americans were not allowed to enter the church and participate in a kneel-in. ",[134,216],{"_73":230,"_131":117,"_132":231},[],"Westminster Presbyterian.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lgd85hmw8iedkuds931c3tib7uwv?variant=desktop",{"_102":233,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":234,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":235,"_142":236,"_35":136,"_145":-5,"_146":237,"_148":235,"_149":150,"_151":238,"_73":230,"_153":117},172,1496,"Westminster_Presbyterian.png",{"_154":239,"_156":240,"_158":241,"_160":231,"_161":242},299,748,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lgd85hmw8iedkuds931c3tib7uwv","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lgd85hmw8iedkuds931c3tib7uwv?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lgd85hmw8iedkuds931c3tib7uwv?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/lgd85hmw8iedkuds931c3tib7uwv?variant=lqip",93,"grace-methodist-church-8-21-1960","Grace Methodist Church (8/21/1960)",{"_35":215,"_64":216,"_73":217},9,{"_35":268,"_64":269,"_73":270},"458 Ponce de Leon av, Atlanta, GA","

At Grace Methodist, an unidentified usher said he told two African Americans they were unwelcome to the church because they were black and from out of state.
Grace Methodist was one of the three churches in Atlanta that kneel-ins were staged on August 20, 1960. The others were Westminster Presbyterian, and First Christian.
All three kneel-in attempts failed.
According to the Atlanta Constitution, the protesters left all three sites \"quietly without incident.\"

",33.7738913,-84.3719889,[260],"At Grace Methodist, an unidentified usher said he told two African Americans they were unwelcome to the church because they were black and from out of state. Grace Methodist was one of the three churches in Atlanta that kneel-ins were staged on August 20, 1960. The others were Westminster Presbyterian, and First Christian. All three kneel-in attempts failed. According to the Atlanta Constitution, the protesters left all three sites \"quietly without incident.\"",[134,244],{"_73":258,"_131":117,"_132":259},[],"Grace Methodist.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/8lk9z25m6vb3dh78a057ih86xsot?variant=desktop",{"_102":261,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":262,"_142":263,"_35":181,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":262,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":258,"_153":117},171,"Grace_Methodist.png",{"_154":264,"_156":265,"_158":266,"_160":259,"_161":267},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/8lk9z25m6vb3dh78a057ih86xsot","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/8lk9z25m6vb3dh78a057ih86xsot?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/8lk9z25m6vb3dh78a057ih86xsot?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/8lk9z25m6vb3dh78a057ih86xsot?variant=lqip",92,"st-philip-episcopal-8-7-1960","St. Philip Episcopal (8/7/1960)",{"_35":243,"_64":244,"_73":245},{"_35":292,"_64":293,"_73":294},"2744 Peachtree rd, Atlanta, GA","

A small group African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at St. Philip Episcopal and 3 other churches: Grace Methodist, First Presbyterian Church, and St. Mark Methodist, as part of coordinated demonstration efforts on August 7th, 1960.
Lonnie King praised the \"courtesy\" extended to protesters at these sites.
25 African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at Local Churches in the city of Atlanta , with hopes to expand to a larger national movement.

",33.8303059,-84.3866923,[284],"A small group African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at St. Philip Episcopal and 3 other churches: Grace Methodist, First Presbyterian Church, and St. Mark Methodist, as part of coordinated demonstration efforts on August 7th, 1960.Lonnie King praised the \"courtesy\" extended to protesters at these sites. 25 African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at Local Churches in the city of Atlanta , with hopes to expand to a larger national movement.",[134,269],{"_73":282,"_131":117,"_132":283},[],"Screen Shot 2019-12-01 at 12.06.36 AM.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/vprhmds9oid4j0c6tx9yc0zud32j?variant=desktop",{"_102":285,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":286,"_142":287,"_35":207,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":286,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":282,"_153":117},170,"Screen_Shot_2019-12-01_at_12.06.36_AM.png",{"_154":288,"_156":289,"_158":290,"_160":283,"_161":291},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/vprhmds9oid4j0c6tx9yc0zud32j","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/vprhmds9oid4j0c6tx9yc0zud32j?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/vprhmds9oid4j0c6tx9yc0zud32j?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/vprhmds9oid4j0c6tx9yc0zud32j?variant=lqip",91,"first-presbyterian-church-8-7-1960","First Presbyterian Church (8/7/1960)",{"_35":268,"_64":269,"_73":270},7,{"_35":317,"_64":318,"_73":319},"1328 Peachtree NE, Atlanta, GA","

First Presbyterian Church was founded in 1848, and it was Atlanta's first Presbyterian house of worship.
A small group African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at First Presbyterian Church and 3 other churches: Grace Methodist, St. Mark Methodist, and St. Philip Episcopal as part of coordinated demonstration efforts on August 7th, 1960.
Lonnie King praised the \"courtesy\" extended to protesters at these sites.

",33.7906847,-84.3856753,[309],"First Presbyterian Church was founded in 1848, and it was Atlanta's first Presbyterian house of worship. A small group African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at First Presbyterian Church and 3 other churches: Grace Methodist, St. Mark Methodist, and St. Philip Episcopal as part of coordinated demonstration efforts on August 7th, 1960.Lonnie King praised the \"courtesy\" extended to protesters at these sites. ",[134,293],{"_73":307,"_131":117,"_132":308},[],"First Presbyterian.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zq2lqd3to9tlnqa2l3a7lw684jef?variant=desktop",{"_102":310,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":311,"_142":312,"_35":233,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":311,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":307,"_153":117},169,"First_Presbyterian.png",{"_154":313,"_156":314,"_158":315,"_160":308,"_161":316},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zq2lqd3to9tlnqa2l3a7lw684jef","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zq2lqd3to9tlnqa2l3a7lw684jef?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zq2lqd3to9tlnqa2l3a7lw684jef?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/zq2lqd3to9tlnqa2l3a7lw684jef?variant=lqip",90,"st-mark-methodist-church-8-7-1960","St. Mark Methodist Church (8/7/1960)",{"_35":292,"_64":293,"_73":294},6,{"_35":345,"_64":346,"_73":347},"781 Peachtree NE , Atlanta, GA","

25 African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at Local Churches in the city of Atlanta, with the hope that the mass coordinated demonstration would lead to an expansion of the Kneel-Ins movement.
Kneel-Ins were scheduled that Sunday but did not materialize at four other Churches: Westminster Presbyterian, First Methodist, Central Presbyterian, and Second-Ponce de Leon Baptist.
Lonnie C. King, chairman of the biracial Committee on Appeal for Human Rights praised the students for participating in these kneel-ins across several churches. As their goal was to demonstrate protest against church segregation.
Lonnie C. King praised the churches' \"courtesy\" extended to students participating in these protests.
Although they were rejected by Druid Hills Church and First Baptist Church. Despite availability, protesters were not offered seats on the main floors by both Baptist churches.

",33.7759159,-84.3840705,[334],"25 African Americans students staged \"kneel-ins\" at Local Churches in the city of Atlanta, with the hope that the mass coordinated demonstration would lead to an expansion of the Kneel-Ins movement. Kneel-Ins were scheduled that Sunday but did not materialize at four other Churches: Westminster Presbyterian, First Methodist, Central Presbyterian, and Second-Ponce de Leon Baptist. Lonnie C. King, chairman of the biracial Committee on Appeal for Human Rights praised the students for participating in these kneel-ins across several churches. As their goal was to demonstrate protest against church segregation. Lonnie C. King praised the churches' \"courtesy\" extended to students participating in these protests. Although they were rejected by Druid Hills Church and First Baptist Church. Despite availability, protesters were not offered seats on the main floors by both Baptist churches.",[134,318],{"_73":332,"_131":117,"_132":333},[],"Screen Shot 2019-12-01 at 12.00.56 AM.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/r1k0p5icirs3m5i5q24kxfhx68v6?variant=desktop",{"_102":335,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":336,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":337,"_142":338,"_35":261,"_145":-5,"_146":339,"_148":337,"_149":150,"_151":340,"_73":332,"_153":117},168,1293,"Screen_Shot_2019-12-01_at_12.00.56_AM.png",{"_154":341,"_156":342,"_158":343,"_160":333,"_161":344},259,647,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/r1k0p5icirs3m5i5q24kxfhx68v6","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/r1k0p5icirs3m5i5q24kxfhx68v6?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/r1k0p5icirs3m5i5q24kxfhx68v6?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/r1k0p5icirs3m5i5q24kxfhx68v6?variant=lqip",89,"first-christian-church-8-20-1960","First Christian Church (8/20/1960)",{"_35":317,"_64":318,"_73":319},{"_35":369,"_64":370,"_73":371},"105 Courtland NE, Atlanta, GA","

Four African Americans were told by a group of leaders of the First Christian Church that the church had not yet reached any decision on integration. The church is now called \"First Congressional Church.\"
First Congressional Church was one of the three churches where African Americans staged \"kneel-ins\" attempts in at least three Atlanta Churches that Sunday. Rev. James W. Sosebee pastor said the decision was an \"interim decision\" made by a group of church leaders.
Sosebee regretted both the fact that African Americans were not able to enter, as any man should have the right to enter any church of worship, and the methods the protesters used to enter the churches.
Sosebee argued that despite this outcome, and the negative backlash from the church and its parishioners, he argued that his church members \"are good people, and are anxious for the Negro to make his advances as steadily and as quickly as possible.\" Sosebee further claimed that his church members' reaction to the kneel-in was \"only natural.\"

",33.7572954,-84.3839788,[361],"Four African Americans were told by a group of leaders of the First Christian Church that the church had not yet reached any decision on integration. The church is now called \"First Congressional Church.\"First Congressional Church was one of the three churches where African Americans staged \"kneel-ins\" attempts in at least three Atlanta Churches that Sunday. Rev. James W. Sosebee pastor said the decision was an \"interim decision\" made by a group of church leaders. Sosebee regretted both the fact that African Americans were not able to enter, as any man should have the right to enter any church of worship, and the methods the protesters used to enter the churches. Sosebee argued that despite this outcome, and the negative backlash from the church and its parishioners, he argued that his church members \"are good people, and are anxious for the Negro to make his advances as steadily and as quickly as possible.\" Sosebee further claimed that his church members' reaction to the kneel-in was \"only natural.\" ",[134,346],{"_73":359,"_131":117,"_132":360},[],"Screen Shot 2019-12-01 at 12.08.07 AM.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qaxz8b8vhbu44lz89pz4vub5du7v?variant=desktop",{"_102":362,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":363,"_142":364,"_35":285,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":363,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":359,"_153":117},167,"Screen_Shot_2019-12-01_at_12.08.07_AM.png",{"_154":365,"_156":366,"_158":367,"_160":360,"_161":368},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qaxz8b8vhbu44lz89pz4vub5du7v","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qaxz8b8vhbu44lz89pz4vub5du7v?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qaxz8b8vhbu44lz89pz4vub5du7v?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/qaxz8b8vhbu44lz89pz4vub5du7v?variant=lqip",88,"the-episcopal-society-for-cultural-and-racial-unity-10-5-1960","The Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity (10/5/1960)",{"_35":345,"_64":346,"_73":347},4,{"_35":396,"_64":18,"_73":397},"5 Forsyth NW R200, Atlanta, GA","

A national organization for Episcopal formally endorsed the kneel-ins efforts of the south. They even encouraged their own members to participate.
Multiple Episcopal churches in Atlanta had turned down protesters earlier that year. This statement by The Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity gave churches more attention concerning their actions towards protesters.

",33.7574424,-84.388168,[386],"A national organization for Episcopal formally endorsed the kneel-ins efforts of the south. They even encouraged their own members to participate. Multiple Episcopal churches in Atlanta had turned down protesters earlier that year. This statement by The Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity gave churches more attention concerning their actions towards protesters.",[134,370],{"_73":384,"_131":117,"_132":385},[],"ESCRU.jpg","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mulzsyqbnf7igyn8htfmc55upt85?variant=desktop",{"_102":387,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":388,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":384,"_142":389,"_35":310,"_145":-5,"_146":390,"_148":384,"_149":150,"_151":391,"_73":384,"_153":117},166,1209,{"_154":392,"_156":393,"_158":394,"_160":385,"_161":395},242,605,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mulzsyqbnf7igyn8htfmc55upt85","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mulzsyqbnf7igyn8htfmc55upt85?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mulzsyqbnf7igyn8htfmc55upt85?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/mulzsyqbnf7igyn8htfmc55upt85?variant=lqip",87,"West Hunter Baptist Church (10/17/1961)",{"_35":369,"_64":370,"_73":371},3,{"_35":421,"_64":422,"_73":423},"775 Hunter NW , Atlanta, GA","

Ralph D Abernathy announced that he would be moving to Atlanta to become the new pastor at the West Hunter Baptist Church. The church, in May of the same year was stormed by hundreds of white protestors. The US marshals fought off the crowd with tear gas.
Abernathy was a mentor to Martin Luther King and a prominent member of the SCLC. Abernathy gained more duties in the SCLC when he moved to Atlanta.
The church served as a headquarters for many civil rights workers and organizations.

",33.7544231,-84.4239007,[413],"Ralph D Abernathy announced that he would be moving to Atlanta to become the new pastor at the West Hunter Baptist Church. The church, in May of the same year was stormed by hundreds of white protestors. The US marshals fought off the crowd with tear gas. Abernathy was a mentor to Martin Luther King and a prominent member of the SCLC. Abernathy gained more duties in the SCLC when he moved to Atlanta. The church served as a headquarters for many civil rights workers and organizations.",[134,412,18],{"_73":410,"_131":117,"_132":411},[],"West Hunter.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s7ly2ly2fslilhwv5hi4lb3itdxr?variant=desktop","west-hunter-baptist-church",{"_102":414,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":415,"_142":416,"_35":335,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":415,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":410,"_153":117},165,"West_Hunter.png",{"_154":417,"_156":418,"_158":419,"_160":411,"_161":420},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s7ly2ly2fslilhwv5hi4lb3itdxr","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s7ly2ly2fslilhwv5hi4lb3itdxr?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s7ly2ly2fslilhwv5hi4lb3itdxr?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/s7ly2ly2fslilhwv5hi4lb3itdxr?variant=lqip",86,"rush-memorial-congregational-church-1-24-1960","Rush Memorial Congregational Church (1/24/1960)",{"_35":396,"_64":18,"_73":397},2,{"_35":450,"_64":451,"_73":452},"150 Chestnut SW , Atlanta, GA","

A youth meeting discussing was held at the church. Members of the NAACP were there as well as representatives of colleges such as Atlanta University, Clark College and Spelman College.
The event was made to specifically target youths and was attended by well-known figures, organizations, and schools.

",33.7508341,-84.4126244,[439],"A youth meeting discussing was held at the church. Members of the NAACP were there as well as representatives of colleges such as Atlanta University, Clark College and Spelman College. The event was made to specifically target youths and was attended by well-known figures, organizations, and schools.",[134,438,422],{"_73":436,"_131":117,"_132":437},[],"Rush Memorial.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2rbyylpa3xsncb0cf72pgkhi8q80?variant=desktop","rush-memorial-congregational-church",{"_102":440,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":441,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":442,"_142":443,"_35":362,"_145":-5,"_146":444,"_148":442,"_149":150,"_151":445,"_73":436,"_153":117},164,938,"Rush_Memorial.png",{"_154":446,"_156":447,"_158":448,"_160":437,"_161":449},188,469,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2rbyylpa3xsncb0cf72pgkhi8q80","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2rbyylpa3xsncb0cf72pgkhi8q80?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2rbyylpa3xsncb0cf72pgkhi8q80?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/2rbyylpa3xsncb0cf72pgkhi8q80?variant=lqip",85,"park-street-methodist-church-5-3-1959","Park Street Methodist Church (5/3/1959)",{"_35":421,"_64":422,"_73":423},"793 Park SW, Atlanta, GA","

A black girl was attending service at a white church. When an usher asked her to leave, the pastor stopped reading the scripture to say that she could stay.
Some left the service after the girl was allowed to stay. Reverend Leon Smith stated, \"I said, 'This is God's House. Everyone is welcome to worship.' \" The girl stayed through the remainder of the service, causing two men (one being a steward of the church) to leave the church.
White churches that allowed black people to attend service often had a separate section for them. Park Street Methodist Church was one of the churches that did not.

",33.7421519,-84.4138091,[466],"A black girl was attending service at a white church. When an usher asked her to leave, the pastor stopped reading the scripture to say that she could stay. Some left the service after the girl was allowed to stay. Reverend Leon Smith stated, \"I said, 'This is God's House. Everyone is welcome to worship.' \" The girl stayed through the remainder of the service, causing two men (one being a steward of the church) to leave the church. White churches that allowed black people to attend service often had a separate section for them. Park Street Methodist Church was one of the churches that did not.",[134,465,451],{"_73":463,"_131":117,"_132":464},[],"Screen Shot 2019-11-30 at 11.53.02 PM.png","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/sydxz19j4dif4848ohh7qmfx8738?variant=desktop","park-street-methodist-church",{"_102":467,"_99":24,"_131":117,"_137":138,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":468,"_142":469,"_35":387,"_145":-5,"_146":147,"_148":468,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_73":463,"_153":117},163,"Screen_Shot_2019-11-30_at_11.53.02_PM.png",{"_154":470,"_156":471,"_158":472,"_160":464,"_161":473},"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/sydxz19j4dif4848ohh7qmfx8738","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/sydxz19j4dif4848ohh7qmfx8738?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/sydxz19j4dif4848ohh7qmfx8738?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/sydxz19j4dif4848ohh7qmfx8738?variant=lqip","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/d2ey7rskqtlo3xmposgrxfogxzov?variant=desktop",{"_102":83,"_35":24,"_73":482},{"_102":321,"_35":425,"_73":481},{"_102":296,"_35":399,"_73":480},{"_102":36,"_35":373,"_73":479},"WALKING","TRANSIT","DRIVING","BICYCLING",{"_102":373,"_99":425,"_131":117,"_137":388,"_139":-5,"_140":117,"_141":384,"_142":484,"_35":485,"_145":-5,"_146":390,"_148":384,"_149":150,"_151":391,"_73":384,"_153":117},{"_154":486,"_156":487,"_158":488,"_160":474,"_161":489},179,"https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/d2ey7rskqtlo3xmposgrxfogxzov","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/d2ey7rskqtlo3xmposgrxfogxzov?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/d2ey7rskqtlo3xmposgrxfogxzov?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/gsu-walking-tours/v4/public/media/d2ey7rskqtlo3xmposgrxfogxzov?variant=lqip","south",33.7093653625,"north",33.8437437375,"east",-84.3225937625,"west",-84.4799191375,"centerLat",33.77655455,"centerLng",-84.40125645,"external_url","footer_logo","name","GSU Walking Tours","logo_url","notes","subdir","tourSet",{"_35":517,"_79":518,"_519":520,"_521":522},"request",{"_513":514,"_515":516},"protocol","http","host","gsu-walking-tours.opentour.site","4","tour_sets","attributes",{"_504":505,"_508":10,"_527":528,"_529":530,"_506":-5,"_531":532},"relationships",{"_523":524},"admins",{"_525":526},"data",[],"published_tours",[586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593],"mapable_tours",[541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548],"logo",{"_504":531,"_533":534},"record",{"_35":373,"_504":505,"_535":536,"_537":536,"_508":10,"_538":-5,"_502":-5,"_507":-5,"_503":-5,"_539":-5,"_540":-5,"_31":-5},"created_at","2019-03-02T15:41:46.071Z","updated_at","tour_id","base_sixty_four","logo_title",{"_73":581,"_64":582,"_551":583},{"_73":576,"_64":577,"_551":578},{"_73":571,"_64":572,"_551":573},{"_73":566,"_64":567,"_551":568},{"_73":74,"_64":16,"_551":565},{"_73":560,"_64":561,"_551":562},{"_73":555,"_64":556,"_551":557},{"_73":549,"_64":550,"_551":552},"The Elevated City","the-elevated-city","center",{"_112":553,"_114":554},33.75312848311482,-84.39077001211882,"Once Upon a Time in Atlanta","once-upon-a-time-in-atlanta",{"_112":558,"_114":559},33.75542718,-84.379647635,"Atlanta Water Walk","atlanta-water-walk",{"_112":563,"_114":564},33.75574340381317,-84.39090502,{"_112":499,"_114":501},"Veiled Visions, 1906 Race Riot","veiled-visions-1906-race-riot",{"_112":569,"_114":570},33.75523965,-84.3881135,"Downtown Folk Tour","downtown-folk-tour",{"_112":574,"_114":575},33.754905699999995,-84.38661625,"Atlanta Sit-Ins 1961-1964","atlanta-sit-ins-1961-1964",{"_112":579,"_114":580},33.753626,-84.38819815,"Atlanta Geology Walking Tour","atlanta-geology-walking-tour",{"_112":584,"_114":585},33.75265741,-84.38791554,{"_73":581,"_64":582,"_594":602},{"_73":576,"_64":577,"_594":601},{"_73":571,"_64":572,"_594":600},{"_73":566,"_64":567,"_594":599},{"_73":74,"_64":16,"_594":598},{"_73":560,"_64":561,"_594":597},{"_73":555,"_64":556,"_594":596},{"_73":549,"_64":550,"_594":595},"location",{"_112":553,"_114":554},{"_112":558,"_114":559},{"_112":563,"_114":564},{"_112":499,"_114":501},{"_112":569,"_114":570},{"_112":574,"_114":575},{"_112":579,"_114":580},{"_112":584,"_114":585}]